Caltex Star Mart Vision for Technology in Supermarket

Question: Depict About the Caltex star shop Vision for innovation in grocery store? Answer: Caltex Star Mart is one of the main accommodation store serving the clients in different pieces of the world with universally refined administrations. With an enormous encounter and exceptional administrations, the stores have coordinated components of correspondence and innovation inside their general tasks to improve their client support understanding. With the incorporation of data and correspondence innovation in the matter of grocery store, there have been negligible odds of human blunders which have additionally upgraded the productivity of the works done. Caltex Star Mart have perceived the significance of IT office in giving bleeding edge methodologies to companys achievement and as an impetus for inventive activities in the organization. The organization ought to incorporate IT into their center procedures and operational plans (Qiang, 2006) to remain equipped in the market business and draw in the clients towards their image for advancing the brand esteem. They key is to use the highlights of data and correspondence innovation to coordinate with the inclinations of the clients and to remain in front of the patterns without fail. The utilization of data and correspondence innovation joins the likely clients to the store and back off their shopping experience. The sites for the market gives the potential clients the most recent items offered the store just as complete data related with it. Who might not have any desire to think about the amount, value, substance and everything related with the item well ahead of time and settle on close to home decisions? A portion of the markets likewise offer plans for the item accessible at their store to draw in a colossal client base (Abramovsky, 2006). The store have conceived t he critical and significant job of data and correspondence innovation to carry the showcasing to the degree of cell phones and make applications that can additionally make the way toward purchasing at only a single tick away. Facebook, Twitter and what not are in the rundown of web based life advertising destinations for these organizations which is additionally a help by the utilization of ICT! Grocery stores are paying notice to the liking of clients towards innovation by opening up different ways and entryways for compelling correspondence (Basl, 2009). The urgent presentation of big business asset arranging, client relationship showcasing, the executives data framework and other modern advancements, business have advanced at an exponential rate and have gone into imaginative components of the business world. Incorporation of standards of innovation into the general store business have made it workable for the organization to stretch out its region from Australia to different pieces of the world as well. IT has a significant task to carry out to improve the business with inventive strategies and to vanquish the market with one more methodology conceived out of the inventiveness assimilated because of the endowment of ICT in business. The estimation of IT in business is boundless so is its extent is. IT goes about as an empowering influence of upper hand, a facilitator for new markets (Hoogervorst, 2002), impetus for lithe turn of events, enhancer of nature of dynamic, support for the business frameworks, hotspot for hazard decrease and a vehicle for client commitment. References: Qiang, C. Z. W., Clarke, G. R., Halewood, N. (2006). The job of ICT in doing business.Global Trends and Policies,57. Abramovsky, L., Griffith, R. (2006). Re-appropriating and offshoring of business administrations: How significant is ICT?.Journal of the European Economic Association,4(2㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ 3), 594-601. Basl, J., Gla, L. (2009). The job of ICT in business innovation.IDIMT-2009 System and HumansA Complex Relationship, 67-76. Hoogervorst, J. A., Koopman, P. L., Flier, H. V. D. (2002). Human asset technique for the new ICT-driven business context.International Journal of Human Resource Management,13(8), 1245-1265.

Essay --

â€Å"No one returns home from war unaltered. In any case, with early screening and satisfactory access to directing, the mental and neurological impacts of battle are treatable.† (Williamson and Mulhall). Arrangements to combat areas change administration individuals and their families. A portion of the progressions are certain and some battle encounters can be horrendous and leave an enduring passionate injury. Introduction to horrendous battle and operational encounters influences administration individuals and veterans profoundly, mentally, naturally, and socially. Post-horrendous pressure issue (PTSD), Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), and significant gloom are progressively perceived and possibly preventable conditions. Certain components, particularly the seriousness of the injury, clear absence of social help and separation have been related with its turn of events. An ongoing report discovered U.S. veteran self destruction rates are as high as 5,000 per year. About 20 percent of military assistance individuals who have come back from Iraq and Afghanistan, have revealed manifestations of post awful pressure issue or significant despondency, yet just slight the greater part have searched out treatment, as per another RAND Corporation study. What's more, specialists found around 19 percent of returning assistance individuals report that they encountered a potential awful mind injury while conveyed. (Williamson and Mulhall) In military veterans and administration individuals, discouragement, post-horrendous pressure issue (PTSD), and self-destructive considerations are a dangerous and normal issue that has gotten firmly connected to each other. In the event that these ailments are causing a psychological issue with our military staff, for what reason would they say they are more averse to search out consideration? Many help individuals don't look for treatment for mental diseases bec... ...at the point when it went to the themes that were being talked about, for example, the harms they experience, the procedure and what the administration individuals experience in the home front that might be some possible triggers. The article is point by point and it is a decent suggestion for my individual cohorts to peruse, as it gives information and mindfulness on this subject. Our military staff and veteran customers remind us consistently that broad assets are expected to give an equivalent playing field in the emotional wellness care framework, that we have significantly more to learn, and that the more we comprehend the sickness in veterans and faculty, the more we can do to diminish their torment. References Williamson, V., and Mulhall, E. (n.d.). Undetectable Wounds: Psychological and Neurological Injuries Confront a New Generation of Veterans. Recovered from http://iava.org/documents/IAVA_invisible_wounds_0.pdf

Business ethics and what does business ethics has to do with human Speech or Presentation

Business morals and what works together morals has to do with human asset the board - Speech or Presentation Example The central matter in such matters is that while organizations have an obligation to their investors, in the event that they receive poor moral principles their investors will endure in view of them over the long haul. As far as negative effect that emerges from poor moral guidelines, it’s accepted that even as poor human asset morals may add to making sure about momentary objectives, in the drawn out it is progressively gainful and better for endurance for organizations to embrace moral duty. For human asset the board, in receiving moral obligation, a business makes a positive domain wherein representatives and colleagues feel a general feeling of reasonableness and reliability has grabbed hold. These components of trust are basic contributions to making a solid and spurred workforce that will eventually add to organization objectives. References ‘Center for Business Education’ Aspen Institute. http://www.aspencbe.org/‘Do Businesses Have Ethical Obligations Beyond what the Law and Shareholders Require’ Ethics. http://www.ethics.org/erc-in-the-news/do-organizations have-moral commitments past what-law-and-investors require

New Military Interrogation Rules Essay Example for Free

New Military Interrogation Rules Essay The film â€Å"In the Name of the Father† had been founded on events that happen even, in actuality. The film gave us a nearby look on how our equity framework could be controlled so as to suit the desires of specific individuals. The film indicated guiltless individuals being sentenced and denounced for the wrongdoings they have done. The way that those blameworthy of the violations admitted their bad behaviors didn't block the police from rebuffing the honest individuals. The film indicated how out of line the British arrangement of Justice is. It indicated how the police utilized their situations so as to legitimize their mercilessness. They have even made it a point to utilize mercilessness so as to cause honest individuals to admit of the violations they have not made similarly as can be seen on one piece of the film wherein Gerry had been beaten by the police so as to compose a bogus admission of the transgression he didn't make. Another irritating part on the film had been the way that his dad had been charged as an accessory and in this manner he had additionally been taken into jail where he kicked the bucket. The very certainty that his guiltless dad had been made into a crook and had passed on in jail flame broiled Gerry a ton and consequently he did his best so as to demonstrate his dad innocence just as his own, along these lines the title â€Å"In the Name of the Father†. Denying their detainees food, and beating them into pulps can be seen on most piece of the film and the police didn't stop their ruthlessness until the detainees admitted for the wrongdoings they have done. Pooches are treated in preferred manners over the detainee had been treated by the police in the film. The things the police did conflicts with the standard of what equity should resemble. Actually, the mercilessness didn't stopped when the genuine wrongdoing guilty party conceded his transgression. The police secured the happenings for so long until an attorney came and interfered with their issues. Obviously, the shamefulness of the equity framework isn't as terrible as it used to yet it doesn't really imply that the injustice of the equity framework is not, at this point present on our general public starting today. Being compelled to sign a bogus affirmation by utilizing police severity just as including the suspect’s family on his hardship is as yet happening today. I mean there are the individuals who are censured as hoodlums and their family endures nearly a similar degree of torment the suspect’s endure just in light of the fact that they are identified with the suspect. There are even occasions that even those individuals near you are likewise blamed for as associate despite the fact that the police don't have any adequate confirmations. As a rule, we are misled into believing that the individuals who are in power is getting things done for the benefit of all without understanding the way that they have been getting things done to guarantee no one’s great however their own. There are sure principles on the cross examination strategies that are lawful to utilize these days however it doesn't prevent a few people from mishandling their capacity and as yet going on with the cross examination strategies being denied by the law. We should remember that some cross examination strategies are not permitted these days. In any case, they despite everything occur. There are numerous cases being accounted for about police fierceness which requires improvement be that as it may, no such upgrades ever happen on the grounds that police severity is still exceptionally normal so far in time. The subjects of these maltreatment are generally needy individuals since they don't have the methods important to interest for equity and in this way their voices are only occasionally heard. Honest individuals are being sentenced for violations which they know nothing about. We all ought to recognize the way that specific cross examination strategies are prohibited by the administration since they are unreasonable and it conflicts with the guideline of human rights. Kantian morals would reveal to us that every human should be treated with deference and not just as an unfortunate obligation. In any event, utilizing its enemy of proposition, utilitarianism, police brutalities would in any case not be advocated since it conflicts with the guideline of most noteworthy useful for the best number of individuals since just the individuals who hold force could profit by the spoiled way the administration works and hence it could prompt the aggravation of the harmony inside a general public. In any case, these doesn't prevent a few people in power from resisting the law and this could go on everlastingly except if the populace chooses to take care of business. Reference: CBS News. (2004). New Military Interrogation Rules [Electronic Version]. Utilization Of Aggressive Tactics Barred; 300 Iraqis Released From Abu Ghraib. Recovered May 21, 2007 from http://www. cbsnews. com/stories/2004/05/15/iraq/main617654. shtml. Sheridan, J. , George, T. (Author) (1993). In the Name of the Father. In L. OConnor, G. Byrne T. George (Producer).

Creditor Right System of Company Law Coursework

Lender Right System of Company Law - Coursework Example Precious stone to the organization towards working capital must be enrolled with organizations inside a time of 21 days. â€Å"If a registrable charge isn't enrolled in time, at that point it is void against the vendor or overseer and any leaser of the organization. This implies the obligation for which the charge was given will stay payable, however it will be unsecured.† (Company charges, 2009, p.7). Along these lines, for this situation, it is expected that the charges on debentures and obligations have been enrolled and, hence, they should be paid first before setting the cases of the unbound banks and the value investors of the organization. It is basic information that the corporate substance, Crystal Chandeliers Ltd, is a restricted organization and along these lines, aside from under outstanding conditions, the investors, Ms.Crystal, and her children would be at risk just for the estimation of unpaid offers payable by them, or as it were, the offers which they hold. Precious stone Chandeliers Ltd is a restricted risk organization the individual resources of the proprietors are normally shielded from business banks as an issue of law. Investors and LLC individuals have a sort of advantage assurance called restricted individual obligation under which it is hard to attach. Normally unbound leasers would rank the last after all special and made sure about lenders are paid off. In any case, in the occasion, the charge on the advantages are not enrolled with the Companies House inside the endorsed time, it is conceivable that these would likewise rank just as unbound leasers, alongside different sorts of uncollateralized debt holders.â

News for Admitted Students

News for Admitted Students Hello, MIT Class of 2015! Here are some things that admitted students should do, now that the entire class has been admitted Check out your MyMIT Portal: Over at MyMIT, youll find a bunch of stuff only available to admitted students, including: Campus Preview Weekend Registration: Please register for CPW by March 24 or when your travel plans are solidified, whichever is sooner. Also, when you fill out your CPW registration form, give us as much specific information as you can; this will help us make your CPW experience as good as possible. Finally, please complete the Medical Release Form. Notes to the wise: if youre flying in, book your plane tickets early. If your parents are joining you, have them book their hotel early (today or tomorrow would be very smart). I highly recommend hotels that are within walking distance (or easy public transportation) of MIT driving and parking in Boston is not a good experience. Local Admitted Students Meetings: During MIT Spring Break next week, MIT alumni across the globe will be hosting gathering for the Class of 2014, as nearby campus as Providence, Rhode Island, and as far away as Singapore. There will be meetings in dozens of locales, including New York City, Dallas, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Washington (both the state in Seattle as well as the District of Columbia), Miami, Chicago, and many more. RSVP information is included. Class of 2015 Guestbook: Hundreds of your classmates have checked in to introduce themselves. Since only admitted students can enter themselves on the guestbook, its a good way to share your contact information securely with your future classmates, and to get emails and screennames to be in touch with fellow MIT 2015s! The MIT Reply Form: As soon as youve made up your mind for sure about whether or not to attend MIT after youve received your financial aid package, come for CPW, or anything else that you need to make your decision please let us know your decision through the online reply form. You have three choices: tell us youre enrolling this fall (Yay! Welcome officially to the MIT Class of 2015!), that youre declining our offer of admission (its okay, we know youre making the best choice for yourself), or to request a deferral/gap year(s) before enrolling at MIT (for a gap year, military service, or other reason). Take as much time as you need to make your decision (and if we can help, please let us know), but be sure to let us know by May 2. Overnight Program Registration: If you cant make it for CPW, dont despair, you can still come visit through our Overnight Program. Please register at least two weeks in advance, and well do our best to show you MIT. Link to the Facebook Group: Facebook is a great place to meet your future classmates and get questions answered by current students. Ensure you have completed your financial aid application: On MyMIT, you can view your financial aid tracking. If you are missing documents, get them in ASAP so that you can get a financial aid package ASAP! Webcast event on Saturday! Watch your email for details! Await Financial Aid Info: I know many of you who have complete aid applications are eagerly awaiting financial aid information dont despair! Financial Aid packages will be mailed this week. Finally, Class of 2015, what would you like to see us do blog entries on over the coming month or so? How can we be best helpful for you as you make your college decision? What questions can we answer for you?

Explore Many Areas Of Risks And Audit Of BMW Company - 3850 Words

Explore Many Areas Of Risks And Audit Of BMW Company (Research Paper Sample) Content: FINANCE AND ACCOUNTINGNameCourse codeInstructorInstitutionCity/StateDateIntroductionThe BMW group has two major segments of operations. The financial statements have been consolidated. The products of the company include, BMW 2Series Gran Tourer, the new BMWX1and the new MINI Clubma which are the latest vehicles, others vehicles are also made. The company makes motorcycle which has a capacity of 400cc and above. The company falls in the automotive industry and as auditors we had to observe this. The BMW Group being subdivided into the Automotive and Motorcycles, Financial Services and Other Entities segments (the latter primarily comprising holding companies and Group financing companies).The audits will confirm all the aspects of noncurrent tangible assets such as property plant and equipment. The audit will verify the accuracy, completeness, rights and obligation, valuations and allocations, presentations and disclosure and classification. The audit will specificall y audit the land and building.The audit was conducted our audit of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with German generally accepted standards for the audit of financial statements promulgated by the Institute of Public Auditors in Germany (IDW). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit such that misstatements materially affecting the presentation of the net assets, financial position and results of operations in the consolidated financial statements in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework and in the group management report are detected with reasonable assurance  CITATION Pol157 \l 1033 (Polyne, 2015)There are many areas of risks that are present in the company. The disclosure that regards to contingencies may not sufficiently reveal the effects of the pending proceedings in this case. In addition, the financial results of the company and the subsidiary company might be manipulated to influence the market value of its s hares before the sale transaction. Finally; the related party transactions with the subsidiary company may be misrepresented to improve the market. The auditor must scrutinize these risks to ascertain the probability of fraud.According to our audit, it is evidenced that BMW company assets such a land and building are fully owned, in use, physically owned by the company, depreciated as per the given policy. * Physical existenceThe company land has been estimated to be 10Ha.The physical confirmation of the land could be seen. The hectare in the title deed can be confirmed viz as viz its physical presence. The land has been fenced by the company implying that it the company property. The fact that the company has been subdivided fully into subsections of the manufacturing may clearly indicate the physical presence of the land. Basically the land can be verified to be present. On the other hand, the buildings are structured in a way that they are visible. There are no underground buildi ngs sand all the buildings are visible. The company has no other major plants or divisions but all its manufacturing processes are done in a single piece of land and buildings in it. Others are distribution points that are owned by distributors. The acquisition of the piece of the land can clearly be validated and was authorized by surveyors. * Owned by the companyThe noncurrent assets that are the building and the land are properly owned by the BMW. The audit was done by investigating the files those entries the title deed of the piece of land. The title deed was original and was confirmed from the ministry of land to be the original copy. The physical presence of the buildings on the land revealed that the land actually belonged to the company. The files of the buildings revealed the contractors that were tasked to build the buildings. The ownership of the design plans, expenditure receipts on the building under the name of BMW further more indicated that the buildings are owned b y the company. The buildings have been tagged BMW and the logo of the company is manifested in each building of the company and this could further explain that the company fully owners the building. The fixed assets that have been recorded in the financial statements are fully owned by the company. There are no evidence of transfers of the company building and land in any document. The disclosure by the management revealed that there are plans of acquisition of these assets by any other company. In addition, there is no plan for partnership by the company with any other company. The date of the acquisition has been shown in the note 120 in the 2015 financial statements. In addition the sale agreements which led to the acquisition of the land prove beyond reasonable doubt that the company has no partnership and that the land and the building are assets of the company.The statement by the board of directors which claim that land and building of the company are fully owned by the compa ny, there are no leases from other company. Furthermore the company is not in any partnership with another company whatsoever  shows that the company fully owns the assets. Based on the audit which has considered the materiality and proper documentation it is evidenced that the completeness of the documentation proves beyond the reasonable doubt that the company owns the land and the building. * In useThere is a clear cut difference of the usage of the assets. The land has buildings in it and both the land and the buildings are owned by the company. They are actually in use. The land has the subsections of the manufacturing building in it. Packing; warehouse and testing tracks have been instituted within the piece of land. The company show room is within the buildings on the piece of land. The physical presence of the operations and buyers in the show room revealed that the company is on operation and that the assets are in use. * Correctly valued (cost, net realizable value or r evaluation)Based on the financial statement, the buildings were valued at 900M.The building depreciates at the rate of 6% annually. Basically, the audit revealed that the building was correctly valued according to the accounting and state policies. The calculation from the year of incorporation reveals that the cost that is represented in the financial statement is the actual cost of the building. The depreciation rate in accordance with IAS 23 which reveals that the rate should be applied on an annual basis. Therefore, the building was correctly valued. On the other hand the land appreciated by 16%.The cost of the land is verifiable in the previous statements and the appreciation of the land has been consistent. The representation of the cost on the balance sheet has been done with accuracy. The summary of the depreciation and appreciation calculation which is attached in the note 57 in the financial statements shows correct and accurate calculation. Basically, the summaries of the land and building depreciation schedule found in the statements were confirmed to be true. The opening balances of the land and building in these schedules were correct. There was no exaggeration and errors in the calculation. The original costs were verified and the depreciation cost was correctly eliminated from the building cost. The cost of the land has been valued at 200M.The land has appreciated by 16% to 232M.The appreciation value is significant and reliable in accordance to the state policy.Basically, we used an expert from property consultation to verify the strength of the building and of the depreciation was done correctly. Most of the time the depreciation rates are usually high especially in the manufacturing factories. This is because of the heaviness and the machinery that are used during the construction process. Therefore there was need for the expert to ascertain the real depreciation rate of the company.Basically, the urgency to check the list that has investmen t plans of the company was emphasized. The investment plans of the company unto the land and on the building were scrutinized. The work on investment was proceeding as scheduled; the vehicles and motorcycles were made as planned. Over 2million units of vehicles were made in 2015 and 2.5 million units of motorcycles were sold. The physical examination of the motorcycles that remained in addition to the sampled number of invoices revealed that the company actually is using the resources and that it is functional. The invoices counting were done through sampling. This was not very accurate approximation but it shows the close picture of the numbers. However, the computerized data was able to be recorded significantly.The auditing working papers were compared with the previous years recordings. The working papers validated the revenues rise from 2.5B to 2.6B.The revenue that the company gets has been properly been documented and the notes and provisions have been given. * Properly recor ded and presented in the financial statementsFor the financial data to make sense, then they should be properly being presented in accordance to the GAAPs and the IASs. The recording of the land and the building was done correctly, the figures were done correctly and thus this showed fair presentation of the financial statements. The assets were correctly classified as noncurrent assets and thus were recorded as in the group. Basically the presentation of the financial statements has observed the fully the outstanding policy of International Accounting Standards. The management has ensured that all the purchased land is classified to avoid misrepresentation of the assets. We were able to use qualified valuers who correctly valued the land and the buil...

Womens Roles in America in the Early 1800s

In the early 19th century in America, women had different experiences of life depending on what groups they were part of. A dominant ideology at the beginning of the 1800s was called Republican Motherhood: middle- and upper-class white women were expected to educate the young to be good citizens of the new country.   The other dominant ideology on gender roles at the time was separate spheres: Women were to rule the domestic sphere (home and raising children) while men operated in the public sphere (business, trade, government.) This ideology would have, if followed consistently, meant that women were not part of the public sphere. However, there were a variety of ways women participated in public life. Biblical injunctions against women speaking in public discouraged many from that role, but some women became public speakers anyway. The end of the first half of the 19th century was marked by several woman’s rights conventions: in  1848, then again in 1850.  The Declaration of Sentiments of 1848 clearly describes the limits placed on women in public life before that time. Minority Women Women of African descent who were enslaved usually had no public life. They were considered property and could be sold and raped with impunity by those who, under the law, owned them.  Few participated in public life, though some came to public view. Many were not even recorded with a name in the records of the enslavers. A few participated in the public sphere as preachers, teachers, and writers. Sally Hemings, enslaved by Thomas Jefferson, was almost certainly his wife’s half-sister. She was also the mother of children most scholars accept Jefferson fathered. Hemings came to public view as part of an attempt by a political enemy of Jefferson to create a public scandal. Jefferson and Hemings themselves never publicly acknowledged the relationship, and Hemings didn’t participate in public life other than having her identity used by others. Sojourner Truth, emancipated from slavery by New York’s law in 1827, was an itinerant preacher. At the very end of the first half of the 19th century, she became known as a circuit speaker and even spoke on women’s suffrage just after the first half of the century.  Harriet Tubman took her first journey to emancipate herself and others in 1849. Not only were schools segregated by sex, but also by race. In those schools, some African American women became educators. For instance, Frances Ellen Watkins Harper was a teacher in the 1840s, and also published a book of poetry in 1845.  In free black communities in northern states, African American women were able to be teachers, writers, and active in their churches. Maria Stewart, part of Boston’s free black community, became active as a lecturer in the 1830s, though she only gave two public lectures before she retired from that public role.  In Philadelphia, Sarah Mapps Douglass not only taught students but also founded a Female Literary Society for African American women aimed at self-improvement. Native American women had major roles in making decisions for their own nations.  But because this didn’t fit the dominant white ideology that was guiding those writing history, most of these women have been overlooked.  Sacagawea is known because she was a guide for a major exploratory project. Her language skills were necessary for the success of the expedition. White Women Writers One area of public life assumed by women was the role of a writer. Sometimes (as with the Bronte sisters in England), they would write under male pseudonyms and other times under ambiguous pseudonyms. However,  Margaret Fuller not only wrote under her own name, but she also published a book on Woman in the Nineteenth Century before her untimely death in 1850.  She had also hosted famous conversations among women to further their â€Å"self-culture.† Elizabeth Palmer Peabody ran a bookstore that was a favorite gathering place for the Transcendentalist circle.   Women’s Education In order to fulfill the aims of Republican Motherhood, some women gained access to higher education so—at first—they could be better teachers of their sons, as future public citizens, and of their daughters, as future educators of another generation. These women were not only teachers but founders of schools. Catherine Beecher and Mary Lyon are among notable women educators. In 1850, the first African American woman graduated from college. Elizabeth Blackwell’s graduation in 1849 as the first woman physician in the United States shows the change that ended the first half and began the second half of the century, with new opportunities gradually opening for women. Women Social Reformers Lucretia Mott, Sarah Grimkà ©, Angelina Grimkà ©, Lydia Maria Child, Mary Livermore, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and others became publicly active in the abolitionist movement. Their experiences of being put in second place and sometimes denied the right to speak publicly or limited to speaking to other women also helped lead this group to work for women’s emancipation from the â€Å"separate spheres† ideological role. Women at Work Betsy Ross may not have made the first United States flag, as legend credits her, but she was a professional flagmaker at the end of the 18th century. Through three marriages, she continued her work as a seamstress and businesswoman. Many other women worked in various jobs, either alongside husbands or fathers, or especially if widowed, on their own. The sewing machine was introduced into factories in the 1830s. Before that, most sewing was done by hand at home or in small businesses. With the introduction of machines for weaving and sewing fabric, young women, especially in farm families,  began to spend a few years before marriage working in the new industrial mills, including the Lowell Mills in Massachusetts. The Lowell Mills also channeled some young women into literary pursuits and saw what was probably the first women’s labor union in the United States. Setting New Standards Sarah Josepha Hale  had to go to work to support herself and her children after her husband died. In 1828, she became the editor of a magazine that later evolved into Godeys Ladys Magazine. It was billed as  the first magazine edited by a woman for women ... either in the Old World or the New. Ironically, it was Godeys Ladys Magazine that promoted the ideal of women in the domestic sphere and helped establish a middle- and upper-class standard for how women should carry out their home life.

How The Current Restaurant Location Continues Working On A...

The current restaurant location continues on its steady pace and the new restaurant location renovations have been completed. Now Michael and Tyler are in the process of making the dream a reality and have begun working on a final business plan punch-out. Michael and Tyler are reviewing their marketing, promotion, and campaign plans for the grand opening. They are in agreement that this business plan is heading in the correct direction, they have the media, website and social media venues ready to go and they are feeling comfortable to begin the soft opening to test this plan out. Michael and Tyler meet with their staff to conduct a final walk-through with the contractors to ensure all equipment is in place and functioning†¦show more content†¦Michael and Tyler both realized how reliant the business is on technology and equipment and how they must safeguard it for themselves and the customers and what liability issues they face if not done. Issues: The current situation presents itself with issue to consider, first, is the grand opening of the new restaurant location and the continued smooth uninterrupted operation of the current restaurant, second, is dealing with the safeguarding of their equipment and data and developing a plan on how this will be accomplished. In looking deeper, regarding the point of sale system (POS) its servers and other organizational data, what safety measures should be implemented for loss of power, password protection, setting up firewalls to secure from hackers, recovery and mitigation. Not only does a business need to protect themselves in these matters but consideration needs to be given on how to protect the customers while using the restaurants Wi-Fi, its website and social media portals and spell out the terms of use so all parties involved are aware of the risks. In order to address some of these matters a comprehensive Risk Management Analysis should be performed like the example sh own in Figure 14.1 which will crosswalk you through the impact (high, medium and low) based on the questions you would have. Another matter needing to be addressed would be a Computer Resource need such as the example in Figure 14.2. (Figure

Milton Friedman once famously said, “The business of...

Milton Friedman once famously said, â€Å"The business of Business is Business†. If the great man have to rethink his ideology in today’s context he might have to rephrase the above statement, and it is quite likely to be;â€Å"The business of business is not Just Business â€Å". In modern times Creating a great company and building a better world are not conflicting goals – they are both essential ingredients for long-term success of the organization in particular and society in general .Corporate Social Responsibility or CSR is no longer a luxury for the corporate world, it’s a necessity which they have to embrace for their own and society’s long term future The term â€Å"Corporate Social Responsibility† was coined in 1960’s and have since then†¦show more content†¦Similarly, for a society to thrive and grow, profitable and competitive businesses must be developed and supported to create income, wealth, tax revenues, and opportunities for philanthropy. CSV approach has received global attention in the Harvard Business Review article Strategy Society: The Link between Competitive Advantage and Corporate Social Responsibility by Michael E. Porter, a leading authority on competitive strategy .CSR traces its roots to an extent to social accounting , a concept where company communicates the effects of its economic actions on various interest groups with in society and to society at large , which in turn theoretically should make the company more accountable towards its actions . Gains from CSR would vary in nature and scale for organizations depending on the activities undertaken and the nature of their respective business and are difficult to quantify .Academicians have come up with various theories like ,Demings Fourteen Points, Schmidt, and Rynes Journal etc to measure CSR impact. However, ideally a businesses should not be looking at short-run financial gains when developing their CSR strategy, they should at least have a five years time frame while formulating their strategy .The decision of CSR within a company is likely to be based on one of the arguments mentioned ; Triple Bottom Line : like marketing four P’s , CSR has its own set of P’s comprising of People , Planet Profit . This theory states that people,Show MoreRelatedCorporate Social Responsibility in Nigerias Telecommunication Sector15201 Words   |  61 PagesDEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINSTRATION, CARITAS UNIVERSITY, AMORJI- NIKE, ENUGU, ENUGU STATE. IN PARTTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.Sc.) DEGREE IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION. AUGUST, 2010. CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this project written by Ezeigwe G. Chinyere With Reg/No.BA/2007/163, has been duly supervised, approved and found adequate in scope and content for the award of Bachelor of Science Degree in Business AdministrationRead MoreInside the Meltdown49737 Words   |  199 PagesCorp.], established 75 years ago in the Great Depression. ... How does it feel being head of FDIC during another grand crisis? It s a very important place to be right now. We re getting a lot of media attention, and I think that s positive because I think the FDIC is all about public confidence. That s how we maintain the stability with people having confidence in our brand and our insurance guarantee, and I think we ve done that fairly successfully. We have seen a lot of stability. People areRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesrequest to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robbins, Stephen P. Organizational behavior / Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge. — 15th ed. p. cm. Includes indexes. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-283487-2 ISBN-10:Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand industrial depression from the late 1860s to the 1890s, as well as the social tensions and political rivalries that generated and were in turn fed by imperialist expansionism, one cannot begin to comprehend the causes and consequences of the Great War that began in 1914. That conflict determined the contours of the twentieth century in myriad ways. On the one hand, the war set in motion transformative processes that were clearly major departures from those that defined the nineteenth-century

Ethics Program For Company X - 1727 Words

ETHICS PROGRAM FOR COMPANY X Welcome to company X we are glad that you are a part of the team. Over the years, Company X has made it a priority to conduct itself to the utmost highest and ethical standards in dealing with our employees, suppliers, and customers. In order to maintain our high level of values, it takes all of us holding ourselves and each other accountable to make ethical and integral choices so that we can be the best organization we can be. In order for Company X to continue to be a great company, we need a strong foundation of key principles that govern the way our people do business. This program will explain what we expect, and how employees should conduct themselves during their daily tasks. Company X takes our ethics code very seriously as a violation of it could also be a violation of the law subjecting Company X and the employee to civil and criminal penalties. Violations of the ethics code will not be tolerated and will be subject to disciplinary action which may include discharge. PERSONAL STANDARDS As an Employee of Company X every decision you make effects the reputation of the company. All decisions and activities employees undertake need to be done with integrity and honesty at all times. Employees are to maintain these standards in both professional and private life. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST Company Q understands we all have a personal life outside of work. It is important for all employees to know that decisions made outside of workShow MoreRelatedCompany X Ethics Program : Standards And Procedures2008 Words   |  9 Pages Company X Ethics Program Standards and Procedures Dress Code: Company X requires business casual dress Monday through Thursday each week. Appropriate dress Monday through Friday includes slacks, khakis, corduroys, skirts or dresses no more than 3† above the knee, capris, polo collar knit or golf shirts, short-sleeve blouses or shirts, oxford shirts, jackets or sweaters, turtlenecks, company logo wear, sport coats, blazers, dress shoes, moccasins, casual heels, open-back shoesRead MoreCompany X s Implementation Of A Compliant Ethics Program1170 Words   |  5 PagesThe purpose of Company X’s implementation of a compliant ethics program is to provide structured policy and procedure that will impart a cohesive code of ethics. Including strategic importance of Company X’s, business integrity; image/reputation; perception of stakeholders and the business community and prioritizing practices of social responsibility. In addition, the ethics program should provide expectations of employee conduct while being consistent when the â€Å"norms† of company practices and performanceRead MoreCompany X Code Of Ethics1156 Words   |  5 PagesCompany X Code of Ethics Purpose The Code of Ethics is to be used as a guide of the company values. This information will inform employees about the core values of Company X, along with an understanding of why having a commitment to the ethical conduct is a necessity. Standards and Procedures Standards of ethical behavior apply to every employee of Company X. This will guide Company Xs’ employees to make ethical decisions. 1. Follow HIPPA Privacy Rules HIPAA Privacy Rules are established standardsRead MoreEthics And The Code Of Ethics1365 Words   |  6 Pagessituations within our organization. Company X is focused on increasing ethics and compliance awareness. A formal ethics programs will be addressed throughout the details of this ethics program. 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Here at Company X we strive for success using a set of ethical standards that will ensure peak employee performance asRead MoreEthical Situations Of Business : Task 2 Essay1654 Words   |  7 PagesStudent # 425090 Ethical Situations in Business – Task 2 A. Dress Code: Company X requires its employees to dress and maintain a clean, professional appearance. The employees of Company X represent this company and it is important that their appearance is professional. All staff members are expected to present themselves in an acceptable appearance to our team, clients, and the public. Supervisors are required to assist Company X in monitoring its employee’s appearance. Pants- Jeans (no holes, frayingRead MoreEst1 Task21159 Words   |  5 PagesEST1 Task 2 Company X Ethics Program Standards and Procedures: Company X expects all employees to conduct themselves with integrity, professional and responsible actions at all times. An employee’s actions in both personal life and professional life should avoid any situations that (A) could be construed as harmful to the company or its employees or (B) cause negative public reactions that could impact Company X customers or customer relations in adverse ways. You are a Company X representativeRead MoreEssay about Elements of a Common Ethics Program, A List of Elements794 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction This Ethics Program is based on our common ethics and is supported through our behavior every day. Company X has highest ethics of skilled integrity and ethics in the professional community. Continuing and improving our outstanding character is vital to our accomplishments. The company’s focus is on our customers, results and acting with fairness, honesty and integrity. At all times during business dealings and relationships an employee is to demonstrate these values. 1) Honesty-Read MoreCompany Analysis : Company X1121 Words   |  5 PagesMission Statement Company X is dedicated to provide customers with the highest levels of security, encourage equal opportunity, and to guarantee employees have the best training available to ensure customer satisfaction. Here at Company X we value integrity, diligence, fairness, and safety in all things. We understand no one person is the same as another, no day is the same as the rest and times are always changing. This company is committed to updating and maintaining our processes to be able to

Travel and tourism Free Essays

Student Name: Cheryl Facial Define Tourism: Tourism is when someone travels within their own country or to another country such as Spain, weather it is for leisure or business reason and for all other purposes. Types of Tourism Description: Example: Describe Domestic: A domestic holiday Is where someone who lives In the UK travel to another part of the LIKE. An elderly couple who lives Bradford goes on a two week holiday to Scarborough. We will write a custom essay sample on Travel and tourism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Describe Outbound: An outbound holiday is when someone who travel out of the UK to a different entry. A group of friends from Liverpool goes on holiday to Pizza to have fun. Describe Inbound: An inbound holiday is when someone who live in a different country that comes to the I-J. A Chinese doctor travel to London for a medical convention. VISITOR TYPE Identify Tourism type (domestic/inbound/outbound. When someone goes on holiday to relax and have fun. A family of five goes to Disneyland Paris. This is an outbound holiday. When someone stays in they own country or goes to another country for a business eating. A business woman from London travel to Paris for meeting This Is an outbound holiday. 1 OFF When someone travels to visit family and friends. A girl from Bradford goes to London to visit her auntie. This is a domestic holiday. EDUCATION When a group of school student goes on an educational trip. To Normandy for a history trip. SPORT Year ten student goes When someone goes to a sporting event trip such as football. A football fan from Spain come to the I-J to watch the final of the champion league This is an inbound holiday. How to cite Travel and tourism, Papers

In the Line of Fire free essay sample

Author. Pervez Musharraf 3. Chapters 22 4. Pages 237 5. Price. Not Known 6. Year of Pub 2006 Introduction 7. With the publication of his memoir, In the Line of Fire, Pervez Musharraf has virtually launched his campaign for the next presidential election due towards the end of 2007. Through the medium of this book he intends to convey to the people of Pakistan what he has accomplished for his country, and to the world community, how he has endeavored to counter the forces of extremism and obscurantism that have brought bad name to Pakistan. About The Author 8. The title, In the Line of Fire, serves to project Musharraf’s image as a bold and courageous leader of a country beset by innumerable internal and external difficulties and threats. The idea is to make him appear as a man of crisis and saviour of the nation ,a leader who salvaged the sinking ship of Pakistan. SUMMARY Of THE BOOK 9. Divided into six parts and thirty-two chapters, In the Line of Fire contains a â€Å"Prolo gue† and an â€Å"Epilogue†. Inclusive of â€Å"Index†, the book is spread over three hundred and fifty-two pages, and contains several memorable photographs. 10. The book’s part one, â€Å"In the Beginning†, comprises chapters 1 to 5 and is devoted to Musharraf’s early life and youthful years. a. The chapter 1. Entitled same as Khushwant Singh’s famous novel, â€Å"Train to Pakistan†, opens with the words: â€Å"These were troubled times. These were momentous times. There was the light of freedom; there was the darkness of genocide. It was the dawn of hope; it was the twilight of empire. † (p. 11) Any student of English literature would immediately gather that the source of inspiration for this paragraph is Charles Dickens’ classic A Tale of Two Cities. Set in the background of the French Revolution, A Tale of Two Cities begins thus: â€Å"It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair . . . .† b. Chapter 2. The Chapter 2 â€Å"Settling in Karachi†, narrates the story of housing and other problems faced by Musharraf’s family in their new homeland. Representing the ordeal of nearly every Mohajir household, Musharraf states: â€Å"Other uprooted members of our family assorted aunts and uncles and cousins came to live with us. At one time there were eighteen of us living in those two rooms. † (p. 15) Ultimately, Musharraf’s family settles down, and he as â€Å"an uprooted little boy found earth that was natural to him. He took root in it forever. † (p. 18) There is the commitment emanating from the innermost depth of his heart: â€Å"I would protect that earth with my life. † (p. 8) This represents the crisis of Mohajir identity: preoccupation with the search for roots after having been uprooted, and a desire to monopolize patriotism. c. Chapter 3. In chapter 3, â€Å"Turkey: The Formative Years†, Musharraf talks about his adolescent years in that country where his father was posted in Pakistan’s embassy. It was here that he developed admiration for the founder of modern Turkey: â€Å"Wi th the fall of the Ottoman caliphate, Mustafa Kemal had saved Turkey from balkanization and modernized it by dragging it out of dogma and obscurantism. † (p. 9) Ataturk is the role model, Musharraf is in search of his footsteps but the terrain is entirely different. As if to prove that his family was not â€Å"obscurantist†, the author says, â€Å"Both my parents loved music and dancing, especially ballroom dancing,† (p. 20) He seems to be conscious of the controversy that was created by the photograph in which he was carrying two puppies, as he reminds, â€Å"My love of dogs began in Turkey. †(p. 24). d. Chapter4. The chapter 4. â€Å"Home†, describes his life back in Pakistan where first Musharraf’s family took residence in Nazimabad Block 3. Here â€Å"a boy had to be street-smart to survive. There were the inevitable street gangs, and needless to say, I joined one. Needless to say, too, I was one of the tough boys. † (p. 26). While living in this Mohajir neighbourhood, Musharraf relates with pride that he thrashed a bully and became known as a â€Å"dada geer† (p. 27). The discernable reader would not fail to observe the author’s mental affinity to the stuff from which the MQM was to emerge. Perhaps Musharraf feels that without reference to some love affairs the story of his youthful years would remain incomplete and barren. So one finds mention of a couple of superficial love affairs. e. Chapter5. The next chapter, â€Å"Leaving the Nest†, takes the reader to Musharraf’s college years where he got his first experience in public speaking as a candidate in the election for class representative. (p. 32) Musharraf also got introduced to Tariq Aziz who was destined to become his principal secretary after he became president and was later to be appointed secretary to the National Security Council. It was also in the FC College that he â€Å"learned how to make a time bomb, which I later used as a commando to good effect. (p. 33). f. Chapter 6. The part two, â€Å"Life in the Army†, chapter 6, â€Å"The Potter’s Wheel†, is devoted to the author’s life in Pakistan Military Academy (PMA). Musharraf is all praise for the PMA, and describes it as the best in the world (p. 41). This is the beginning of his lifetime love with the institution of the armed forces. Here one in cident took place that probably became significant in the future: â€Å"I was one of four candidates short-listed to go to Sandhurst, England, to complete my training, but another cadet, Ali Kuli Khan Khattak, was selected. He retired as a lieutenant general and chief of general staff when I became army chief, but I suspect that his retirement, which was optional, had more to do with disappointment at not becoming chief himself, which is perfectly understandable. † (p. 41) . A little circumspection and Musharraf could have skipped the mention of above incident. g. Chapter 7. In chapter 7, â€Å"Into the Fire†, Musharraf gives account of his valiant contribution to the India-Pakistan War of 1965, which earned him an award for gallantry. He could have earned two awards but due to certain act of indiscipline court-martial proceedings were to be taken against him, which were dropped as a reward for his performance in the war. The author is silent about the Operation Gibraltar and Operation Grand Slam that had provoked India to attack Pakistan in the early hours of September 6, 1965. His comments on the developments preceding the war would have enhanced the value of the book. h. Chapter 8. In chapter 8, â€Å"Life in the Fire†, Musharraf makes a lot of criticism of Z. A. Bhutto. In his zeal for Bhutto-bashing, Musharraf makes an absurd point that instead of becoming chief martial law administrator Bhutto could have reverted to the Constitution of 1956 with amendments to the clauses that pertained to East Pakistan. (p. 57) He conveniently ignores that Yahya Khan had done away with â€Å"One Unit† with effect from July 1, 1970, and elections for four separate provincial assemblies had been held in December 1970. i. Chapter 9. The chapter 9, â€Å"Living through the Dreadful Decade†, is primarily an indictment of the civilian facade, 1988-1999: Never in the history of Pakistan had we seen such a combination of the worst kind of governance or rather, a nearly total lack of governance along with corruption and the plunder of national wealth. During these eleven years, every army chief there were four of them eventually clashed with the prime minister. The head of the government invariably got on the wrong side of the president and the army chief. Ad vice to Nawaz Sharif or Benazir Bhutto fell on deaf ears, leading every time to a confrontation. † (p. 78). j. Chapter 10. In chapter 10, â€Å"From Chief to Chief executive†, Musharraf relates the story of his becoming the army chief and not â€Å"chief executive† of the country as the title wrongly suggests. This glaring mistake cannot be condoned in a book meant for high caliber audience. Musharraf gives some detail of the conflict between Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on the one hand and President Farooq Leghari and Chief Justice Sajjad Ali Shah on the other. He accuses Nawaz Sharif of sending â€Å"his party goons to storm the Supreme Court building while the court was in session. . Chapter 11. In chapter 11, â€Å"The Kargil Conflict†, Musharraf gives his side of the Kargil story. He stresses that the Kargil operartion was just one in a series of moves and counter-moves at tactical level by India and Pakistan along the Line of Control in Northern Areas. (p. 87). According to him the Indians could have possibly used the reportedly increasing activities of the â€Å"mujahideenâ⠂¬  as a casus belli to launch operation against the positions of Pakistan armed forces. He states, â€Å"We knew that thousands of mujahideen, mostly indigenous to Indian-held Kashmir but also supported by freelance sympathizers from Pakistan, did operate against the Indian forces. † (p. 88) l. Chapter 12. The part three, â€Å"The Hijacking Drama†, chapter 12, â€Å"Plane to Pakistan†, contains detail of what happened on board flight PK 805, which was bringing Musharraf back to Karachi from Colombo. Musharraf accuses Nawaz Sharif of not allowing his flight to land in Karachi even if it had to be diverted to Bombay, Oman, Abu Dhabi or Bandar Abbas. The reason: â€Å"I had been dismissed and Ziauddin had been made the chief. Obviously, Nawaz Sharif did not want me around to counter his illegal action. † (p. 107) m. Chapter 13. In chapter 13, â€Å"The Conspiracy†, Musharraf charges Nawaz Sharif of staging a coup against him. According to Musharraf, â€Å"It was a gross misuse and misapplication of the law: you cannot summarily dismiss the army chief, a constitutional appointee, without giving him just cause and affording him due process. †(p. 109) n. Chapter 14 The chapter 14, â€Å"The Countercoup†, describes how the loyalists of Musharraf managed to thwart the alleged plan of Nawaz Sharif and removed him from power. . Chapter 15. In chapter 15, â€Å"Anatomy of Suicide†, Musharraf tries to explain why Nawaz Sharif took the decision to remove him. He refers to various irritants that had developed between him and the prime minister. He conjectures, â€Å"It could be that such affronts on my part made the prime minister realize his folly in selecting me for my position. He had probably thought that being the son of immigrant parents, I would acquiesce in his demands ___ that I would feel insecure and vulnerable and do his bidding. He couldn’t have been more wrong. . Chapter 16. In chapter 16, â€Å"Pakistan First†, Musharraf explains the reasons why he did not impose martial law repeating the earlier argument: â€Å"Our past experience had amply demonstrated that martial law damages not only military but also civilian institutions, because as the army gets superimposed on civil institutions the bureaucracy becomes dependent on army officers to make the crucial decisions that they themselves should be making. I therefore decided that there would be no martial law. †(p. 143). q. Chapter 17. The chapter 17, â€Å"The Quest for Democracy† makes a brief and superficial survey of constitutional developments, and government and politics in Pakistan. Here too Musharraf does not spare Bhutto: â€Å"Zulfikar Ali Bhutto masqueraded as a democrat but ruled like an autocrat. † (p. 159) Nawaz also becomes Musharraf’s target: â€Å" This time he had a brute two-third majority in the National Assembly and could bludgeon through any amendment to the constitution he wanted. He used his majority to silence dissent. He forced the army chief out of office. He attacked the press and arrested many journalists. And he had his party’s goons physically attack the Supreme Court. † (p. 162) r. Chapter 18. In chapter 18, â€Å"Putting the System Right†, Musharraf points out the flaws in Pakistan’s politico-constitutional setup, and discusses the measures that he has adopted to remove them. He primarily identifies two problems: â€Å"the absence of democracy at the grassroots level and the absence of effective checks and balances over the three power brokers of Pakistan: the president, the prime minister and the army chief. (p. 164) s. Chapter 19. In chapter 19, â€Å"Kick-Starting the Economy†, Musharraf presents a lot of figures to make the point that under his government there has been a revival of economy. What he conveniently ignores is the fact that since early 1990s Pakistan was facing sanctions whereas the actual starting point of revival was 9/11 when Pakistan became a US ally in its â€Å"war on ter ror. † And sanctions were lifted. It is yet to be seen if there has been any structural change in the economy or the present kick off is short-lived. The recent scandal concerning the sale of Pakistan Still Mills, the sugar crisis and uncontrollable inflationary trends are black spots on the management of Pakistan’s economy. The part five of the book deals with â€Å"The War on Terror†. t. Chapter 20. This part begins with chapter 20, â€Å"One Day that Changed the World†, an obvious reference to 9/11. During an important meeting at the Governor’s House, Musharraf received the famous phone call of the US secretary of state. He recalls, â€Å"Powell was quite candid: ‘You are either with us or against us. I took this as a blatant ultimatum. † (p. 201). u. Chapter 21. The chapter 21, â€Å"Omar and Osama†, contains details about Mulla Omar’s and bin Laden’s background and their worldview, and discusses the origin of the Taliban. Musharraf â€Å"suspects† that the United States did not disapprove of the Taliban phenomenon in the hope that they could bring peace to A fghanistan. (p. 211). v. Chapter 22. The chapters 22, â€Å"The War Comes to Pakistan†, 23, â€Å"Manhunt† and 24, â€Å"Tightening the Noose† are about the network and activities of Al-Qaeda and its allies in Pakistan. These chapters also contain the details of Pakistani agencies’ operations to break terrorist network in the country. Referring to Al-Qaeda members, Musharraf boasts: â€Å"We have captured 689 and handed 369 to the United States. We have earned bounties totaling millions of dollars. Those who habitually accuse us of ‘not doing enough’ in the war on terror should simply ask the CIA how much prize money it has paid to the government of Pakistan. † (p. 237).

Cost Of Medical Decision Making From Non Medical Managers - samples

Question: Discuss about the Cost Of Medical Decision Making From Non-Medical Managers. Answer: Introduction. Procedures of clinical making decision is the essential in our day to day clinical exercises. The processes involving interactions of applications of biomedical and clinical problems solving, knowledge, probability weighing and several outcomes, and to balance risk-benefits. Crucial tasks are balancing personal experiences and common knowledge(Hajjaj, et al., 2015). Evidences based medicine protocol provides the path to physicians allowing them in making comprehensive therapeutic decision with elements of self-confidence instead of based on individual experiences. Making clinical decisions is processes and to make an informed judgments about the treatments essential for the patients(Hardy Smith, 2009). Making decision processes are complex involving numerous significant steps in which patients involvement is essential(Hajjaj, et al., 2015): Cost of clinical decision-making is defined in different ways depending on different referenced article. According to (Hajjaj, et al., 2015), it is defined as the utmost essential parts of a clinical practices, it permits the medical practitioners in making scientific, logical and valid decisions in regard of the care implementation and planning of the intervention. In any clinical situation, where patients presents their medical complications, the initial sequence of actions by the healthcare specialized requires logical clinical making decision. Consequently, the significance of the clinical making decisions are dominant when it arises to the healthcare industries(Stevenson, et al., 2012). Even though, it requires to be considered that this kind of particular actions are complicated and any single mistake while making critical clinical decision mat cost the patients even their lifes(Stevenson, et al., 2012). Henceforth, decision making in clinics may be reflected as the foundations based on which the treatments recovery and delivery of patients will be carried on. Conversely, typical misconceptions when clinical making decisions are discussed, are that it depend on the self-control of the healthcare professional, like the doctors, nurses or so on(Park Yabuuchi, 2016). Nevertheless, the clinical decision-making are parts of health care that are most influenced sectors, in both by external and internal factors. The literature review focusses on the cost in decision making. Introduction to nonclinical influences. Even though clinical decisions making, most of them are based on formally or traditionally clinical criteria for making clinical decision, they are furthermore affected by a broad range of nonclinical aspects, such as, the socio-economic conditions of the patient. Some effects cannot be distinguished whether it fall in nonclinical or clinical factors, for instance, adherence of the patient. Adherence of the patient may fall in clinical factor, but then, if associated with, such as, regular absenteeism from the follow-up appointment, it is then taken as nonclinical influence. Patient age could be considered to be a clinical rather than nonclinical influence because it is associated with physical ability and other co-morbidities. Likewise, the age of the patients may be a nonclinical effect because of the associated nonclinical features, such as transportations problem in the ageing, making follow-up appointment much problematic(Hajjaj, et al., 2015). Consequently, sometimes it is impossible to classify every effects on clinical decisions into either nonclinical or clinical, since there exists an overlap in the two. Artificial descriptors of nonclinical influences on clinical making decision can be used so as to focus thoughtful on a broad aspects of clinical medicines. The following are some nonclinical effects on clinical making decisions: Factors related to patient. These factors involves: concerns and worries of the patient, attitude and behavior of the patient, wishes and preferences of the patient, gender and age of the patient, and other individual characteristics. Race of the patient, patient's socioeconomic status and also adherence to treatment or inappropriate behavior of the patient that may influence adherence such as chaotic life style. Physician-related factors These may involve; physician's professional interaction like interaction of staffs and colleagues within clinics, time constraint and work overload of physician in the clinic, personal characteristics of physician like race, faith, culture, age and gender. Practice-related factors These type of practices such as public or private, practices size, practice organizations, geographical locations, and accessibility of health resources Literature review. The main purposes of the literature reviews are to help in understanding what other researchers and writers have documented about the importance of the economic and social cost in medical decision making from non-medical managers. Int this part few factors mentioned above are examined. Factors related to the patient The socioeconomic status of the patient The socio-economic status of the patient affects way the decisions are made in the managements. In many countries, being alert of the socioeconomic status of the patients, let say the patient have a low socio-economic may influence primary care physician to change his/her managements plans to outfit the patient with financial difficulties(Bernheim, et al., 2008). The influences of socio-economic status can lead to non-standard treatments or the patient may receive less than ideal. The ability of the patient to pay and the cost of care influences the therapeutic plan of the physician. Patients having a socio-economic status having the ability to carter the cost of health facilities are possibly able to have more medical tests as compared to patient with a low socio-economic status(Scott, et al., 2016). Physician may change his/her prescription strategies, shifts to an inexpensive drugs within therapeutic classes or they tend to shift to an alternative drug which is insured(Huttin Andral, 2010)(Hajjaj, et al., 2015). Even amid patients who are insured there may exists some with insurances plan which may give a coverage which is limited(Huttin Andral, 2010)(Shi, 2013). This socio-economic status disparities may decrease the qualities of patients care and result in unwanted consequences. The age of the patient. The age of the patients can affect cost of clinical management decisions. Physician is probably in categorizing the grievances of aged persons as ordinary or age related instead of the signs of diseases(Haug Ory, 2007). A cross-sectional study(Little, et al., 2005) of two universal practices found that aged persons are not as much of younger persons to be offered health promotions advices. The gender of the patient The gender of the patient plays an deceptively inappropriate roles in clinical making decisions. For instance, women receives more physical examination test, drug prescription, blood pressure check, laboratory test and return appointments as compared to men. Women similarly have more physicians visits per a given period of time and more services per visit(Verbruggei, et al., 2011). Physician typically perceives that the complaints of women are more possible to be affected by emotional factors and furthermore, women makes extreme demands on the time of the physician(Hajjaj, et al., 2015). The adherence to treatment of the patient The views of the adherence to medications to the patient by the physician is other essential factors which might influence management making decisions(Piette, et al., 2014). Physician might be more unlikely to treat patient who he or she suspects would abandon to treatments(Bogart, et al., 2016). The attitude and behavior of the patient Occasionally physicians may encounter patients who are rude, aggressive, demanding, violent or patient seeking secondary gain. These kind of patients visits their doctors or nurses more often than normal, receives extra prescription, having extra tests prepared, and they are referred to specialists more frequently(D Tabenkin, 2011). Other patient-related influences Management policies There are some weight put on insurance companies, hospitals, physicians and employers in considering cost when do provide care to patients. Here, there exist risks that the pressure might results to decrease in the general value of healthcare. For instance, resources constraint in ICU (Intensive Care Units) may lead in early release of patient and these may be related to an improved mortality rates(Murray, 2010). The decision making of the manager may differ from one person to another or from healthcare to another to another due to variances in treatment policies and healthcare systems(Hajjaj, et al., 2015). Physician personal characteristics The physicians decision making processes may be affected by his or her own personal characteristic. For instance, the characteristics of the doctors or nurses determines, as a minimum in parts, their approaches to patients managements. Physician can be categorized(Eisenberg, 2000) as either oriented towards health maintenances or interventionists. Health maintenance physician is patient-oriented, while Interventionist physicians are disease-oriented. In general, the health maintenance-oriented physicians are prepared in observing the situations, but, the interventionist is inclined toward immediate actions(Hajjaj, et al., 2015). The ethnicity, age and gender of the physician plays a role in decision-making Research Question, Aim/Objectives and Sub-goals Research Objective: Statistical analysis based on different hospitals data base to find out the economic and social cost in medical decision making from non-medical managers mainly those relate to patients characteristics. Research Question: What are some nonmedical Characteristics of the patient that contributes to collective medical decision making? Theoretical Content/Methodology Method Here, the observations was taken in French cancer centers in medical decision making at which nonstandard gears involves some improbability were debated on May to July 2014(Thmis, et al., 2016). Verbal statements of the physicians and predefined background parameters was collected with a nonparticipants observational approaches. Nonnumeric information collected in the forms of open notes was then coded for quantitative analysis. Multivariate and univariate statistical analyses was performed. Hypothesis: Contribution to the knowledge gap in healthcare management to highlight the loop holes of administration by non-medical managers. - Analysis of data through various aspects to improve the administration role in healthcare management by discussing decision making techniques. Results, Outcome and Relevance The final samples of records of the patient included and discussed where n=290, nonmedical characteristics was stated as n=95, that is 32.8 percent of the eccentrics. There were n=66 (that is 22.8 percent) of these cases characteristics resembled to demographics. Psychological information in 11.7 percent (that is n = 34), and relational information in 6.2 percent (that is n = 18). The patients age and his/her congeniality was found to be more frequently stated characteristic. In 17.9 percent of these eccentrics debated, the concluding decision was delayed: the outcomes were completely related with the nonmedical characteristics of the patient and with indecision about the outcomes of the therapeutic options available. Amongst completed case-records planned for debate at the medical decision making process meetings, two hundred and ninety patients cases was involved in the analysis. The cases was excluded were two hundred and forty two cases that did not meet the included criteria either due no argument was needed about the medical managements or is due to removal of the agenda of the medical decision making process. The issues to be discussed at future session can be included since main medical data was absent or a better method to collect the data was not used. The mean age of the patients used was 61.1 having a standard deviation of 14.3. The gender of the patient used were: male were 118 representing 41.8 percent while female were 164 representing 58.2 percent. Project Planning and Gantt chart. Gantt charts arranges different activities or events in synchronism and associates respectively tasks with its precedency and time. It displays activities or events as timed bars and graphically visualize the sequences of those activities/events(Bryan, 2016). TIME Activities Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Research Design Layout Develop Finish Conclusion The deficiency of sympathetic of nonclinical affects by the physicians while assembling management decisions might possibly results into suboptimal individuals patients care. Nonetheless physician can try acting in a evidence based, rational and professional manners, they furthermore, must take into consideration in the unique circumstance of individuals patient in his or her clinical practices and respects the value of the patients and beliefs. Treatments policy promotes managements of all patients similarly deprived of differentiating between them since of religion or race, sexual orientation, age and gender for ensuring provision of the highest qualifies healthcare to any patient. From the literature review, it indicate that one of the highest challenge clinical medicine encountered in the current centuries are developments of strategic that can integrate and acknowledge significant nonclinical effects with evidence-based medicines deprived of affecting the standards of complete healthcares(Hajjaj, et al., 2015). Physician cannot be able to practice true evidence-based medicine unless nonclinical effects on decision making are understood, documented and cooperatively taken into account during the process of cost of clinical decision making.. References Bernheim, S., Ross, J., Krumholz, H. E.H., B., 2008. Influence of patients' socioeconomic status on clinical management decisions: a qualitative study.. Ann Fam Med, 6(1), pp. 53-59. Bogart, L., Kelly, J., Catz, S. Sosman, J., 2016. Impact of medical and non-medical factors on physician decision making for HIV/AIDS antiretroviral treatment. J Acqui Immune Defic Syndr, Issue 23, pp. 396-397. Bryan, J. W., 2016. A PROJECT PLANNING GUIDE FOR HEALTHCARE FACILITY, s.l.: Walrath. D, S. Tabenkin, H., 2011. The difficult patient as perceived by family physicians.. Fam Pract, Issue 18, p. 497. Eisenberg, J., 2000. Sociologic influences on decision making by clinicians. Ann Intern Med, Issue 90, p. 960. Hajjaj, F., M.S., S., Basra1, M. Finlay, A., 2015. Non-clinical influences on clinical decision-making: a major challenge to evidence-based practice. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 103(5), pp. 178-187. Hardy, D. Smith, B., 2009. Decision making in clinical practice. Br J Anaesth, Issue 9, pp. 28-30. Haug, M. Ory, M., 2007. Issues in elderly patient-provider interactions. Res Aging, Issue 9, pp. 11-15. Huttin, C. Andral, J., 2010. How the reimbursement system may influence physicians' decisions. Results from focus groups interview in France. Health Policy, Issue 54, pp. 67-80. Little, P., Slocock, L., Griffin, S. Phillinger, J., 2005. Who is targeted for lifestyle advice? A cross sectional study in two general practices.. Br J Gen Pract , Issue 49, pp. 809-810. Murray, S., 2010. Relation between private health insurance and high rates of caesarean section. qualitative and quantitative study, pp. 1503-1504. Park, I. Yabuuchi, A., 2016. More options, more considerations: how new treatment options influence clinical decision making.. Journal of thoracic disease, 8(10), p. p.E1408. Piette, J. P., Wagnes, T., Potter, M. Schillinger, D., 2014. Health insurance status, cost-related medication under use and outcomes among diabetes patients in three systems of care. Med Care, Volume 9, p. 103. Scott, A., Shiell, A. King, M., 2016. Is general practitioner decision making associated with patient socio-economic status?. Soc Sci Med, pp. 35-46. Shi, L., 2013. Types of health insurance and the quality of primary care experience.. Am J Public Health, p. 18481855. Stevenson, L. et al., 2012. Decision making in advanced heart failure. Circulation, 125(15), pp. 1928-1937. Stough, C. et al., 2016. ignette methodologies for studying clinicians decision-making: validity, utility, and application in ICD-11 field studies.. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 15(2), pp. 162-180. Thmis, A., Anne-Dborah, B., Sylvain, G. Aurran, T., 2016. Patients Non-Medical Characteristics Contribute to Collective Medical Decision-Making at Multidisciplinary Oncological Team Meetings. Research Article, p. 15. Verbruggei, L., Steiner, R. ., 2011. Physician treatment of men and women patients: sex bias or appropriate care?. med care, pp. 610-620.

Kants Moral Philosophy in the Contemporary World

Over the years various issues have developed in the world. Things that were once clear cut as either morally wrong or right, have become very contentious. Various philosophers have studied and proposed different ideas on the subject of morality. Kant’s moral philosophy holds that the final result of an action has no value; the value of an action lies on the motivation behind it (Kant, 3). Kant argued that there exists an unconditional and absolute requirement that all other moral obligations are based on.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Kant’s Moral Philosophy in the Contemporary World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order for one to uphold the highest moral law, his or her actions must conform to this requirement which he termed as the categorical imperative (Kant, 15). Kant’s ideology can however be seen as too simplistic when dealing with the modern society characterized by actions tha t cannot be easily categorized as morally right or wrong; those that may be termed as morally ambiguous. Kant, a German philosopher, undertook a study to find the ultimate principle on morality. Kant identified three maxims that would enable one to identify morally right or wrong actions. The first maxim states that every person should act in such a manner that the action would be the right action for other people in similar situations (Kant, 14). The second maxim states that an action is morally right if it treat others not as a means to an end but as an end in themselves (Kant, 29). The final maxim is a summation of the first two and it states that a moral action occurs when one acts as if his actions were setting a universal law that could be used by others under the same circumstances (Kant, 24). When Kant was developing his moral philosophy, the society was mainly religious and culture played a big part in shaping how people acted. The contemporary society is however less gover ned by religion or culture and science (logic) plays a big part on how people make decisions or act. Actions that were previously termed morally inappropriate are under fire with people trying to understand what makes an action morally right or wrong. Kant’s categorical imperative has three formulations that govern all moral action. These formulations can be summed up by the universality principle that states that all actions should be carried out in such a manner that they become universal laws without contradiction (Kant, 30). This formulation in itself is too simplistic for the complicated modern society that we live in. One contentious issue in modern societies has been that of abortion. According to the requirements of categorical imperative, it would be morally wrong for a woman to carry out an abortion.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kant argues that the moral value of an action is not based on its results but on its underlying principle and such action should be such that it can be universally adopted. As such, abortion which is mainly carried out to preserve the happiness, well-being or priorities of the woman, goes against this formulation (Denis, 548). Kant also puts forward the principles of good will and duty. According to Kant, good will is that will that is derived from moral laws and has no qualifications (Kant, 5). Kant argued that the expected results of an action are morally neutral and not important when considering morality. He added that good will is the only basis that the value of morality can be recognized. Kant also argued that duty determines whether an action is moral right or wrong. Kant argued that since the moral value of an action does not derive from the expected results, it must then be derived from the principle under which the action is carried out regardless of personal desires or surrounding circumstances (Kant, 7). It is the basic human duty to populate the world and ensure the continuity of life. Abortion goes against this duty thus it must be considered morally wrong. Modern medicine has enabled deformities and complications to be identified before birth. Kant’s argument is ineffective as it would be cruel to give birth to a child who will suffer constantly or to put the life of the mother in jeopardy due to pregnancy complications (Denis, 560). Kant’s morality principle is too simplistic and fails to take into account circumstances that have developed in the contemporary societies. Decision making in modern societies is carried out with regards to a multi-cultured society as a whole. Simplistic ground rules cannot effectively cover all situations under which an action may be undertaken. Abortion is an action involving two parties, the agent and the fetus. The fetus cannot be deemed a rational being hence Kant may propose that laws of morality do not apply to it. However, the fetus is a part of the continuity of life and according to instinct (nature), child birth is a duty common to all. It is thus morally wrong to carry out an abortion as it goes against this duty. Kant’s philosophy cannot cover all aspects found in many contentious issues of the modern world hence it has no place in contemporary society. Works Cited Denis, Lara. â€Å"Abortion and Kant’s Formula of Universal Law.† Canadian Journal of  Philosophy 37.4 (2007): 547-580Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Kant’s Moral Philosophy in the Contemporary World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals. Trans. Jonathan Bennet. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995 This essay on Kant’s Moral Philosophy in the Contemporary World was written and submitted by user Eloise Butler to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Life of John Rolfe, Husband of Pocahontas

Life of John Rolfe, Husband of Pocahontas John Rolfe (1585–1622) was a British colonist of the Americas. He was an important figure in Virginia politics and an entrepreneur who played a significant role in founding the Virginia tobacco trade. However, he is best known as the man who married Pocahontas, the daughter of Powhatan, head of the Powhatan confederacy of Algonquin tribes.   Fast Facts: John Rolfe Known For: British colonist who married Pocahontas  Born: October 17, 1562 in Heacham, England  Died: March 1622 in Henrico, Virginia  Spouses Names: Sarah Hacker (m. 1608–1610), Pocahontas (m. 1614–1617), Jane Pierce (m. 1619)  Childrens Names: Thomas Rolfe (son of Pocahontas), Elizabeth Rolfe (daughter of Jane Pierce) Early Years Rolfe was born on Oct. 17, 1562 to a wealthy family in Heacham, England. His family owned Heacham manor and his father was a successful merchant in Lynn.   Not much is known about Rolfes education or life in England, but in July of 1609, he left for Virginia on the Sea-Venture, the flagship of several vessels carrying settlers and provisions and the first group of government officials to the new colony at Jamestown.   Shipwrecked in Bermuda Rolfe brought with him his first wife, Sarah Hacker. The Sea-Venture was wrecked in a storm on the Bermudas, but all the passengers survived and Rolfe and his wife stayed on Bermuda for eight months. There they had a daughter, who they named Bermuda, and- importantly for his future career- Rolfe may have obtained samples of West Indies tobacco.  Ã‚   Rolfe lost both his first wife and daughter in Bermuda.  Rolfe and the surviving shipwrecked passengers left Bermuda in 1610. When they arrived in May 1610, the Virginia colony had just suffered through the starving time, a grim period in early American history. Over the winter of 1609–1610, the colonists were beset by plague and yellow fever, and sieges by the local inhabitants. An estimated three-quarters of the English colonists of Virginia died of starvation or starvation-related diseases that winter.   Tobacco Between 1610 and 1613, Rolfe experimented with the native tobacco at his home in Henricus and succeeded in producing a leaf that was more pleasing to the British palate. His version was named the Orinoco, and it was developed from the combination of a local version and seeds from Trinidad that he had brought with him from Spain or perhaps obtained in Bermuda. He is also credited with inventing a curing process to prevent rot during the long sea voyage to England, as well as the dampness of the English climate.   By 1614, active exports of tobacco were being sent back to England, and  Rolfe is often credited as the first person to suggest cultivating tobacco as a cash crop in the Americas, the major source of income for Virginia for centuries to follow. Marrying Pocahontas Throughout this period, the Jamestown colony continued to suffer from an adversarial relationship with the Native American inhabitants, the Powhatan tribe. In 1613, Captain Samuel Argall kidnapped Powhatans favorite daughter, Pocahontas, and eventually, she was brought to Henricus.  There she received religious instruction from the settlements minister, Rev. Alexander Whitaker, and converted to Christianity, taking the name Rebecca. She also met John Rolfe.   Rolfe married her around April 5, 1614, after sending a letter to the governor of Virginia asking for permission to do so, for the good of the Plantation, the honor of our Country, for the Glory of God, for my own salvation, and for the Converting to the true knowledge of Jesus Christ an unbelieving Creature, namely Pocahontas.   A Temporary Peace After Rolfe married Pocahontas, relationships between the British settlers and Pocahontas tribe settled into a time of friendly commerce and trade. That freedom created opportunities to build up the colony as it had not seen before.   Pocahontas had a son, Thomas Rolfe, born in 1615, and on April 21, 1616, Rolfe and his family joined an expedition back to Britain to publicize the Virginia colony. In England, Pocahontas as the Lady Rebecca was received enthusiastically: among other events, she attended The Vision of Delight, a royal court masque written by Ben Jonson for King James I and his wife Queen Anne.   Return to Virginia In March of 1616, Rolfe and Pocahontas started for home, but she was ill and died aboard the ship before it left England. She was buried at Gravesend; their infant son, too ill to survive the voyage, was left behind to be raised by Rolfes brother Henry.   Before and after Rolfe returned to his estate in Henricus, he held several prominent positions in the Jamestown colony. He was named Secretary in 1614 and in 1617 held the office of Recorder General.  Ã‚   Death and Legacy In 1620, Rolfe married Jane Pierce, the daughter of Captain William Pierce, and they had a daughter named Elizabeth. In 1621, the Virginia colony began actively raising funds for the College of Henricus, a boarding school for young Native Americans to train them to become more English.   Rolfe grew ill in 1621, and he wrote a will, which was drawn up in Jamestown on March 10th of 1621. The will was eventually probated in London on May 21, 1630, and that copy has survived.   Rolfe died in 1622, a few weeks before the Great Indian Massacre of March 22, 1622, led by Pocahontass uncle Opechancanough. Nearly 350 of the British colonists were killed, ending the uneasy peace which had been established, and nearly putting an end to Jamestown itself. John Rolfe had a significant impact on the Jamestown colony in Virginia, in his marriage to Pocahontas which established an eight-year-long peace, and in the creation of a cash crop, tobacco, on which the fledgling colonies could use to survive economically.   Sources Carson, Jane. The Will of John Rolfe. The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 58.1 (1950): 58–65. Print.Kramer, Michael Jude. The 1622 Powhatan Uprising and Its Impact on Anglo-Indian Relations. Illinois State University 2016. Print.Kupperman, Karen Ordahl. Apathy and Death in Early Jamestown. The Journal of American History 66.1 (1979): 24–40. Print.Rolfe, Jo. Letter from John Rolfe to Sir Thos. Dale. The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 22.2 (1914): 150–57. Print.Tratner, Michael. Translating Values: Mercantilism and the Many Biographies of Pocahontas. Biography 32.1 (2009): 128–36. Print.Vaughan, Alden T. Expulsion of the Salvages: English Policy and the Virginia Massacre of 1622. The William and Mary Quarterly 35.1 (1978): 57–84. Print.

Do we live in a death denying culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Do we live in a death denying culture - Essay Example Death is something that is natural and nobody can stop it. When the time comes all of us have to go and the sooner we accept this fact, the more at ease we will be. We do not teach our children about death and it is something that the children learn themselves, when they experience a death of a loved one or through their experience of the world. We can say that we live in a death denying culture. There may be a few exceptions where people accept death and greet it with open arms when it comes otherwise majority of the people are scared of it; the problems, the diseases and the plagues that it brings with it. The concept of death has changed with time. During the Middle Ages people accepted death more easily and with tranquility. It was considered shameful to die suddenly; the concept of tame death was common among these times. People wanted to prepare for their deaths and for this they needed time, thus the tame death was what everybody wanted for themselves. Also, friends and family would gather around to offer their support and prayers. At this time people believed that the person entered sleep-like state to peacefully await salvation. It was believed that the dead person slept tranquilly during this period in a garden of flowers (Moller, 1996). Cemeteries were built far away from towns and cities as people were scared in the presence of the dead. The cemeteries slowly moved into the Churchyard as towns spread, but only the people who the Church recognized as virtuous or holy could be buried there. One very interesting fact was that to make space for the dead, the old graves were dug up and the bones were removed. As more time went by, the cemeteries became an attraction to the people; more people met up there and started living around the area. This was because the population started to grow and there was not enough space for housing. People started to be less scared of death and could be around it for a longer period of time. Many theories and patterns of death evolved; tame death being the first. The second patter was that of the death of self. An individual's acts, during this time, were categorized as good or bad and people had the ability to choose which path they will follow. The participation of the devil and the angel were brought into consideration and the records that they kept were evaluated when a person died. Based on there records, an individual was either sent to heaven or hell. In the fifteenth century, the concept of the day of final judgment emerges. "The salvation of a person's soul was now to be determined by the act of death rather than the acts of life. Dying a good death became the key to salvation." (Moller, 1996) According to this concept, a good death was when a person died while praying and if during the dying process if the dying person was tempted by the devil his death was to be damned. The main different between the two concepts then becomes the difference between universal salvation and individual judgment. During the sixteenth century, the plague happened and people realized that death could come at any time without them knowing it. Thus, at this time it became more important to do whatever a person had set out to achieve in life, so that when death does actually knock on the person's door, he has no regrets. This led people to develop calmness