Womens Roles in America in the Early 1800s

In the early 19th century in America, women had different experiences of life depending on what groups they were part of. A dominant ideology at the beginning of the 1800s was called Republican Motherhood: middle- and upper-class white women were expected to educate the young to be good citizens of the new country.   The other dominant ideology on gender roles at the time was separate spheres: Women were to rule the domestic sphere (home and raising children) while men operated in the public sphere (business, trade, government.) This ideology would have, if followed consistently, meant that women were not part of the public sphere. However, there were a variety of ways women participated in public life. Biblical injunctions against women speaking in public discouraged many from that role, but some women became public speakers anyway. The end of the first half of the 19th century was marked by several woman’s rights conventions: in  1848, then again in 1850.  The Declaration of Sentiments of 1848 clearly describes the limits placed on women in public life before that time. Minority Women Women of African descent who were enslaved usually had no public life. They were considered property and could be sold and raped with impunity by those who, under the law, owned them.  Few participated in public life, though some came to public view. Many were not even recorded with a name in the records of the enslavers. A few participated in the public sphere as preachers, teachers, and writers. Sally Hemings, enslaved by Thomas Jefferson, was almost certainly his wife’s half-sister. She was also the mother of children most scholars accept Jefferson fathered. Hemings came to public view as part of an attempt by a political enemy of Jefferson to create a public scandal. Jefferson and Hemings themselves never publicly acknowledged the relationship, and Hemings didn’t participate in public life other than having her identity used by others. Sojourner Truth, emancipated from slavery by New York’s law in 1827, was an itinerant preacher. At the very end of the first half of the 19th century, she became known as a circuit speaker and even spoke on women’s suffrage just after the first half of the century.  Harriet Tubman took her first journey to emancipate herself and others in 1849. Not only were schools segregated by sex, but also by race. In those schools, some African American women became educators. For instance, Frances Ellen Watkins Harper was a teacher in the 1840s, and also published a book of poetry in 1845.  In free black communities in northern states, African American women were able to be teachers, writers, and active in their churches. Maria Stewart, part of Boston’s free black community, became active as a lecturer in the 1830s, though she only gave two public lectures before she retired from that public role.  In Philadelphia, Sarah Mapps Douglass not only taught students but also founded a Female Literary Society for African American women aimed at self-improvement. Native American women had major roles in making decisions for their own nations.  But because this didn’t fit the dominant white ideology that was guiding those writing history, most of these women have been overlooked.  Sacagawea is known because she was a guide for a major exploratory project. Her language skills were necessary for the success of the expedition. White Women Writers One area of public life assumed by women was the role of a writer. Sometimes (as with the Bronte sisters in England), they would write under male pseudonyms and other times under ambiguous pseudonyms. However,  Margaret Fuller not only wrote under her own name, but she also published a book on Woman in the Nineteenth Century before her untimely death in 1850.  She had also hosted famous conversations among women to further their â€Å"self-culture.† Elizabeth Palmer Peabody ran a bookstore that was a favorite gathering place for the Transcendentalist circle.   Women’s Education In order to fulfill the aims of Republican Motherhood, some women gained access to higher education so—at first—they could be better teachers of their sons, as future public citizens, and of their daughters, as future educators of another generation. These women were not only teachers but founders of schools. Catherine Beecher and Mary Lyon are among notable women educators. In 1850, the first African American woman graduated from college. Elizabeth Blackwell’s graduation in 1849 as the first woman physician in the United States shows the change that ended the first half and began the second half of the century, with new opportunities gradually opening for women. Women Social Reformers Lucretia Mott, Sarah Grimkà ©, Angelina Grimkà ©, Lydia Maria Child, Mary Livermore, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and others became publicly active in the abolitionist movement. Their experiences of being put in second place and sometimes denied the right to speak publicly or limited to speaking to other women also helped lead this group to work for women’s emancipation from the â€Å"separate spheres† ideological role. Women at Work Betsy Ross may not have made the first United States flag, as legend credits her, but she was a professional flagmaker at the end of the 18th century. Through three marriages, she continued her work as a seamstress and businesswoman. Many other women worked in various jobs, either alongside husbands or fathers, or especially if widowed, on their own. The sewing machine was introduced into factories in the 1830s. Before that, most sewing was done by hand at home or in small businesses. With the introduction of machines for weaving and sewing fabric, young women, especially in farm families,  began to spend a few years before marriage working in the new industrial mills, including the Lowell Mills in Massachusetts. The Lowell Mills also channeled some young women into literary pursuits and saw what was probably the first women’s labor union in the United States. Setting New Standards Sarah Josepha Hale  had to go to work to support herself and her children after her husband died. In 1828, she became the editor of a magazine that later evolved into Godeys Ladys Magazine. It was billed as  the first magazine edited by a woman for women ... either in the Old World or the New. Ironically, it was Godeys Ladys Magazine that promoted the ideal of women in the domestic sphere and helped establish a middle- and upper-class standard for how women should carry out their home life.

How The Current Restaurant Location Continues Working On A...

The current restaurant location continues on its steady pace and the new restaurant location renovations have been completed. Now Michael and Tyler are in the process of making the dream a reality and have begun working on a final business plan punch-out. Michael and Tyler are reviewing their marketing, promotion, and campaign plans for the grand opening. They are in agreement that this business plan is heading in the correct direction, they have the media, website and social media venues ready to go and they are feeling comfortable to begin the soft opening to test this plan out. Michael and Tyler meet with their staff to conduct a final walk-through with the contractors to ensure all equipment is in place and functioning†¦show more content†¦Michael and Tyler both realized how reliant the business is on technology and equipment and how they must safeguard it for themselves and the customers and what liability issues they face if not done. Issues: The current situation presents itself with issue to consider, first, is the grand opening of the new restaurant location and the continued smooth uninterrupted operation of the current restaurant, second, is dealing with the safeguarding of their equipment and data and developing a plan on how this will be accomplished. In looking deeper, regarding the point of sale system (POS) its servers and other organizational data, what safety measures should be implemented for loss of power, password protection, setting up firewalls to secure from hackers, recovery and mitigation. Not only does a business need to protect themselves in these matters but consideration needs to be given on how to protect the customers while using the restaurants Wi-Fi, its website and social media portals and spell out the terms of use so all parties involved are aware of the risks. In order to address some of these matters a comprehensive Risk Management Analysis should be performed like the example sh own in Figure 14.1 which will crosswalk you through the impact (high, medium and low) based on the questions you would have. Another matter needing to be addressed would be a Computer Resource need such as the example in Figure 14.2. (Figure

Milton Friedman once famously said, “The business of...

Milton Friedman once famously said, â€Å"The business of Business is Business†. If the great man have to rethink his ideology in today’s context he might have to rephrase the above statement, and it is quite likely to be;â€Å"The business of business is not Just Business â€Å". In modern times Creating a great company and building a better world are not conflicting goals – they are both essential ingredients for long-term success of the organization in particular and society in general .Corporate Social Responsibility or CSR is no longer a luxury for the corporate world, it’s a necessity which they have to embrace for their own and society’s long term future The term â€Å"Corporate Social Responsibility† was coined in 1960’s and have since then†¦show more content†¦Similarly, for a society to thrive and grow, profitable and competitive businesses must be developed and supported to create income, wealth, tax revenues, and opportunities for philanthropy. CSV approach has received global attention in the Harvard Business Review article Strategy Society: The Link between Competitive Advantage and Corporate Social Responsibility by Michael E. Porter, a leading authority on competitive strategy .CSR traces its roots to an extent to social accounting , a concept where company communicates the effects of its economic actions on various interest groups with in society and to society at large , which in turn theoretically should make the company more accountable towards its actions . Gains from CSR would vary in nature and scale for organizations depending on the activities undertaken and the nature of their respective business and are difficult to quantify .Academicians have come up with various theories like ,Demings Fourteen Points, Schmidt, and Rynes Journal etc to measure CSR impact. However, ideally a businesses should not be looking at short-run financial gains when developing their CSR strategy, they should at least have a five years time frame while formulating their strategy .The decision of CSR within a company is likely to be based on one of the arguments mentioned ; Triple Bottom Line : like marketing four P’s , CSR has its own set of P’s comprising of People , Planet Profit . This theory states that people,Show MoreRelatedCorporate Social Responsibility in Nigerias Telecommunication Sector15201 Words   |  61 PagesDEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINSTRATION, CARITAS UNIVERSITY, AMORJI- NIKE, ENUGU, ENUGU STATE. IN PARTTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.Sc.) DEGREE IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION. AUGUST, 2010. CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this project written by Ezeigwe G. Chinyere With Reg/No.BA/2007/163, has been duly supervised, approved and found adequate in scope and content for the award of Bachelor of Science Degree in Business AdministrationRead MoreInside the Meltdown49737 Words   |  199 PagesCorp.], established 75 years ago in the Great Depression. ... How does it feel being head of FDIC during another grand crisis? It s a very important place to be right now. We re getting a lot of media attention, and I think that s positive because I think the FDIC is all about public confidence. That s how we maintain the stability with people having confidence in our brand and our insurance guarantee, and I think we ve done that fairly successfully. We have seen a lot of stability. People areRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesrequest to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robbins, Stephen P. Organizational behavior / Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge. — 15th ed. p. cm. Includes indexes. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-283487-2 ISBN-10:Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand industrial depression from the late 1860s to the 1890s, as well as the social tensions and political rivalries that generated and were in turn fed by imperialist expansionism, one cannot begin to comprehend the causes and consequences of the Great War that began in 1914. That conflict determined the contours of the twentieth century in myriad ways. On the one hand, the war set in motion transformative processes that were clearly major departures from those that defined the nineteenth-century

Ethics Program For Company X - 1727 Words

ETHICS PROGRAM FOR COMPANY X Welcome to company X we are glad that you are a part of the team. Over the years, Company X has made it a priority to conduct itself to the utmost highest and ethical standards in dealing with our employees, suppliers, and customers. In order to maintain our high level of values, it takes all of us holding ourselves and each other accountable to make ethical and integral choices so that we can be the best organization we can be. In order for Company X to continue to be a great company, we need a strong foundation of key principles that govern the way our people do business. This program will explain what we expect, and how employees should conduct themselves during their daily tasks. Company X takes our ethics code very seriously as a violation of it could also be a violation of the law subjecting Company X and the employee to civil and criminal penalties. Violations of the ethics code will not be tolerated and will be subject to disciplinary action which may include discharge. PERSONAL STANDARDS As an Employee of Company X every decision you make effects the reputation of the company. All decisions and activities employees undertake need to be done with integrity and honesty at all times. Employees are to maintain these standards in both professional and private life. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST Company Q understands we all have a personal life outside of work. It is important for all employees to know that decisions made outside of workShow MoreRelatedCompany X Ethics Program : Standards And Procedures2008 Words   |  9 Pages Company X Ethics Program Standards and Procedures Dress Code: Company X requires business casual dress Monday through Thursday each week. 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Travel and tourism Free Essays

Student Name: Cheryl Facial Define Tourism: Tourism is when someone travels within their own country or to another country such as Spain, weather it is for leisure or business reason and for all other purposes. Types of Tourism Description: Example: Describe Domestic: A domestic holiday Is where someone who lives In the UK travel to another part of the LIKE. An elderly couple who lives Bradford goes on a two week holiday to Scarborough. We will write a custom essay sample on Travel and tourism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Describe Outbound: An outbound holiday is when someone who travel out of the UK to a different entry. A group of friends from Liverpool goes on holiday to Pizza to have fun. Describe Inbound: An inbound holiday is when someone who live in a different country that comes to the I-J. A Chinese doctor travel to London for a medical convention. VISITOR TYPE Identify Tourism type (domestic/inbound/outbound. When someone goes on holiday to relax and have fun. A family of five goes to Disneyland Paris. This is an outbound holiday. When someone stays in they own country or goes to another country for a business eating. A business woman from London travel to Paris for meeting This Is an outbound holiday. 1 OFF When someone travels to visit family and friends. A girl from Bradford goes to London to visit her auntie. This is a domestic holiday. EDUCATION When a group of school student goes on an educational trip. To Normandy for a history trip. SPORT Year ten student goes When someone goes to a sporting event trip such as football. A football fan from Spain come to the I-J to watch the final of the champion league This is an inbound holiday. How to cite Travel and tourism, Papers

In the Line of Fire free essay sample

Author. Pervez Musharraf 3. Chapters 22 4. Pages 237 5. Price. Not Known 6. Year of Pub 2006 Introduction 7. With the publication of his memoir, In the Line of Fire, Pervez Musharraf has virtually launched his campaign for the next presidential election due towards the end of 2007. Through the medium of this book he intends to convey to the people of Pakistan what he has accomplished for his country, and to the world community, how he has endeavored to counter the forces of extremism and obscurantism that have brought bad name to Pakistan. About The Author 8. The title, In the Line of Fire, serves to project Musharraf’s image as a bold and courageous leader of a country beset by innumerable internal and external difficulties and threats. The idea is to make him appear as a man of crisis and saviour of the nation ,a leader who salvaged the sinking ship of Pakistan. SUMMARY Of THE BOOK 9. Divided into six parts and thirty-two chapters, In the Line of Fire contains a â€Å"Prolo gue† and an â€Å"Epilogue†. Inclusive of â€Å"Index†, the book is spread over three hundred and fifty-two pages, and contains several memorable photographs. 10. The book’s part one, â€Å"In the Beginning†, comprises chapters 1 to 5 and is devoted to Musharraf’s early life and youthful years. a. The chapter 1. Entitled same as Khushwant Singh’s famous novel, â€Å"Train to Pakistan†, opens with the words: â€Å"These were troubled times. These were momentous times. There was the light of freedom; there was the darkness of genocide. It was the dawn of hope; it was the twilight of empire. † (p. 11) Any student of English literature would immediately gather that the source of inspiration for this paragraph is Charles Dickens’ classic A Tale of Two Cities. Set in the background of the French Revolution, A Tale of Two Cities begins thus: â€Å"It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair . . . .† b. Chapter 2. The Chapter 2 â€Å"Settling in Karachi†, narrates the story of housing and other problems faced by Musharraf’s family in their new homeland. Representing the ordeal of nearly every Mohajir household, Musharraf states: â€Å"Other uprooted members of our family assorted aunts and uncles and cousins came to live with us. At one time there were eighteen of us living in those two rooms. † (p. 15) Ultimately, Musharraf’s family settles down, and he as â€Å"an uprooted little boy found earth that was natural to him. He took root in it forever. † (p. 18) There is the commitment emanating from the innermost depth of his heart: â€Å"I would protect that earth with my life. † (p. 8) This represents the crisis of Mohajir identity: preoccupation with the search for roots after having been uprooted, and a desire to monopolize patriotism. c. Chapter 3. In chapter 3, â€Å"Turkey: The Formative Years†, Musharraf talks about his adolescent years in that country where his father was posted in Pakistan’s embassy. It was here that he developed admiration for the founder of modern Turkey: â€Å"Wi th the fall of the Ottoman caliphate, Mustafa Kemal had saved Turkey from balkanization and modernized it by dragging it out of dogma and obscurantism. † (p. 9) Ataturk is the role model, Musharraf is in search of his footsteps but the terrain is entirely different. As if to prove that his family was not â€Å"obscurantist†, the author says, â€Å"Both my parents loved music and dancing, especially ballroom dancing,† (p. 20) He seems to be conscious of the controversy that was created by the photograph in which he was carrying two puppies, as he reminds, â€Å"My love of dogs began in Turkey. †(p. 24). d. Chapter4. The chapter 4. â€Å"Home†, describes his life back in Pakistan where first Musharraf’s family took residence in Nazimabad Block 3. Here â€Å"a boy had to be street-smart to survive. There were the inevitable street gangs, and needless to say, I joined one. Needless to say, too, I was one of the tough boys. † (p. 26). While living in this Mohajir neighbourhood, Musharraf relates with pride that he thrashed a bully and became known as a â€Å"dada geer† (p. 27). The discernable reader would not fail to observe the author’s mental affinity to the stuff from which the MQM was to emerge. Perhaps Musharraf feels that without reference to some love affairs the story of his youthful years would remain incomplete and barren. So one finds mention of a couple of superficial love affairs. e. Chapter5. The next chapter, â€Å"Leaving the Nest†, takes the reader to Musharraf’s college years where he got his first experience in public speaking as a candidate in the election for class representative. (p. 32) Musharraf also got introduced to Tariq Aziz who was destined to become his principal secretary after he became president and was later to be appointed secretary to the National Security Council. It was also in the FC College that he â€Å"learned how to make a time bomb, which I later used as a commando to good effect. (p. 33). f. Chapter 6. The part two, â€Å"Life in the Army†, chapter 6, â€Å"The Potter’s Wheel†, is devoted to the author’s life in Pakistan Military Academy (PMA). Musharraf is all praise for the PMA, and describes it as the best in the world (p. 41). This is the beginning of his lifetime love with the institution of the armed forces. Here one in cident took place that probably became significant in the future: â€Å"I was one of four candidates short-listed to go to Sandhurst, England, to complete my training, but another cadet, Ali Kuli Khan Khattak, was selected. He retired as a lieutenant general and chief of general staff when I became army chief, but I suspect that his retirement, which was optional, had more to do with disappointment at not becoming chief himself, which is perfectly understandable. † (p. 41) . A little circumspection and Musharraf could have skipped the mention of above incident. g. Chapter 7. In chapter 7, â€Å"Into the Fire†, Musharraf gives account of his valiant contribution to the India-Pakistan War of 1965, which earned him an award for gallantry. He could have earned two awards but due to certain act of indiscipline court-martial proceedings were to be taken against him, which were dropped as a reward for his performance in the war. The author is silent about the Operation Gibraltar and Operation Grand Slam that had provoked India to attack Pakistan in the early hours of September 6, 1965. His comments on the developments preceding the war would have enhanced the value of the book. h. Chapter 8. In chapter 8, â€Å"Life in the Fire†, Musharraf makes a lot of criticism of Z. A. Bhutto. In his zeal for Bhutto-bashing, Musharraf makes an absurd point that instead of becoming chief martial law administrator Bhutto could have reverted to the Constitution of 1956 with amendments to the clauses that pertained to East Pakistan. (p. 57) He conveniently ignores that Yahya Khan had done away with â€Å"One Unit† with effect from July 1, 1970, and elections for four separate provincial assemblies had been held in December 1970. i. Chapter 9. The chapter 9, â€Å"Living through the Dreadful Decade†, is primarily an indictment of the civilian facade, 1988-1999: Never in the history of Pakistan had we seen such a combination of the worst kind of governance or rather, a nearly total lack of governance along with corruption and the plunder of national wealth. During these eleven years, every army chief there were four of them eventually clashed with the prime minister. The head of the government invariably got on the wrong side of the president and the army chief. Ad vice to Nawaz Sharif or Benazir Bhutto fell on deaf ears, leading every time to a confrontation. † (p. 78). j. Chapter 10. In chapter 10, â€Å"From Chief to Chief executive†, Musharraf relates the story of his becoming the army chief and not â€Å"chief executive† of the country as the title wrongly suggests. This glaring mistake cannot be condoned in a book meant for high caliber audience. Musharraf gives some detail of the conflict between Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on the one hand and President Farooq Leghari and Chief Justice Sajjad Ali Shah on the other. He accuses Nawaz Sharif of sending â€Å"his party goons to storm the Supreme Court building while the court was in session. . Chapter 11. In chapter 11, â€Å"The Kargil Conflict†, Musharraf gives his side of the Kargil story. He stresses that the Kargil operartion was just one in a series of moves and counter-moves at tactical level by India and Pakistan along the Line of Control in Northern Areas. (p. 87). According to him the Indians could have possibly used the reportedly increasing activities of the â€Å"mujahideenâ⠂¬  as a casus belli to launch operation against the positions of Pakistan armed forces. He states, â€Å"We knew that thousands of mujahideen, mostly indigenous to Indian-held Kashmir but also supported by freelance sympathizers from Pakistan, did operate against the Indian forces. † (p. 88) l. Chapter 12. The part three, â€Å"The Hijacking Drama†, chapter 12, â€Å"Plane to Pakistan†, contains detail of what happened on board flight PK 805, which was bringing Musharraf back to Karachi from Colombo. Musharraf accuses Nawaz Sharif of not allowing his flight to land in Karachi even if it had to be diverted to Bombay, Oman, Abu Dhabi or Bandar Abbas. The reason: â€Å"I had been dismissed and Ziauddin had been made the chief. Obviously, Nawaz Sharif did not want me around to counter his illegal action. † (p. 107) m. Chapter 13. In chapter 13, â€Å"The Conspiracy†, Musharraf charges Nawaz Sharif of staging a coup against him. According to Musharraf, â€Å"It was a gross misuse and misapplication of the law: you cannot summarily dismiss the army chief, a constitutional appointee, without giving him just cause and affording him due process. †(p. 109) n. Chapter 14 The chapter 14, â€Å"The Countercoup†, describes how the loyalists of Musharraf managed to thwart the alleged plan of Nawaz Sharif and removed him from power. . Chapter 15. In chapter 15, â€Å"Anatomy of Suicide†, Musharraf tries to explain why Nawaz Sharif took the decision to remove him. He refers to various irritants that had developed between him and the prime minister. He conjectures, â€Å"It could be that such affronts on my part made the prime minister realize his folly in selecting me for my position. He had probably thought that being the son of immigrant parents, I would acquiesce in his demands ___ that I would feel insecure and vulnerable and do his bidding. He couldn’t have been more wrong. . Chapter 16. In chapter 16, â€Å"Pakistan First†, Musharraf explains the reasons why he did not impose martial law repeating the earlier argument: â€Å"Our past experience had amply demonstrated that martial law damages not only military but also civilian institutions, because as the army gets superimposed on civil institutions the bureaucracy becomes dependent on army officers to make the crucial decisions that they themselves should be making. I therefore decided that there would be no martial law. †(p. 143). q. Chapter 17. The chapter 17, â€Å"The Quest for Democracy† makes a brief and superficial survey of constitutional developments, and government and politics in Pakistan. Here too Musharraf does not spare Bhutto: â€Å"Zulfikar Ali Bhutto masqueraded as a democrat but ruled like an autocrat. † (p. 159) Nawaz also becomes Musharraf’s target: â€Å" This time he had a brute two-third majority in the National Assembly and could bludgeon through any amendment to the constitution he wanted. He used his majority to silence dissent. He forced the army chief out of office. He attacked the press and arrested many journalists. And he had his party’s goons physically attack the Supreme Court. † (p. 162) r. Chapter 18. In chapter 18, â€Å"Putting the System Right†, Musharraf points out the flaws in Pakistan’s politico-constitutional setup, and discusses the measures that he has adopted to remove them. He primarily identifies two problems: â€Å"the absence of democracy at the grassroots level and the absence of effective checks and balances over the three power brokers of Pakistan: the president, the prime minister and the army chief. (p. 164) s. Chapter 19. In chapter 19, â€Å"Kick-Starting the Economy†, Musharraf presents a lot of figures to make the point that under his government there has been a revival of economy. What he conveniently ignores is the fact that since early 1990s Pakistan was facing sanctions whereas the actual starting point of revival was 9/11 when Pakistan became a US ally in its â€Å"war on ter ror. † And sanctions were lifted. It is yet to be seen if there has been any structural change in the economy or the present kick off is short-lived. The recent scandal concerning the sale of Pakistan Still Mills, the sugar crisis and uncontrollable inflationary trends are black spots on the management of Pakistan’s economy. The part five of the book deals with â€Å"The War on Terror†. t. Chapter 20. This part begins with chapter 20, â€Å"One Day that Changed the World†, an obvious reference to 9/11. During an important meeting at the Governor’s House, Musharraf received the famous phone call of the US secretary of state. He recalls, â€Å"Powell was quite candid: ‘You are either with us or against us. I took this as a blatant ultimatum. † (p. 201). u. Chapter 21. The chapter 21, â€Å"Omar and Osama†, contains details about Mulla Omar’s and bin Laden’s background and their worldview, and discusses the origin of the Taliban. Musharraf â€Å"suspects† that the United States did not disapprove of the Taliban phenomenon in the hope that they could bring peace to A fghanistan. (p. 211). v. Chapter 22. The chapters 22, â€Å"The War Comes to Pakistan†, 23, â€Å"Manhunt† and 24, â€Å"Tightening the Noose† are about the network and activities of Al-Qaeda and its allies in Pakistan. These chapters also contain the details of Pakistani agencies’ operations to break terrorist network in the country. Referring to Al-Qaeda members, Musharraf boasts: â€Å"We have captured 689 and handed 369 to the United States. We have earned bounties totaling millions of dollars. Those who habitually accuse us of ‘not doing enough’ in the war on terror should simply ask the CIA how much prize money it has paid to the government of Pakistan. † (p. 237).

Cost Of Medical Decision Making From Non Medical Managers - samples

Question: Discuss about the Cost Of Medical Decision Making From Non-Medical Managers. Answer: Introduction. Procedures of clinical making decision is the essential in our day to day clinical exercises. The processes involving interactions of applications of biomedical and clinical problems solving, knowledge, probability weighing and several outcomes, and to balance risk-benefits. Crucial tasks are balancing personal experiences and common knowledge(Hajjaj, et al., 2015). Evidences based medicine protocol provides the path to physicians allowing them in making comprehensive therapeutic decision with elements of self-confidence instead of based on individual experiences. Making clinical decisions is processes and to make an informed judgments about the treatments essential for the patients(Hardy Smith, 2009). Making decision processes are complex involving numerous significant steps in which patients involvement is essential(Hajjaj, et al., 2015): Cost of clinical decision-making is defined in different ways depending on different referenced article. According to (Hajjaj, et al., 2015), it is defined as the utmost essential parts of a clinical practices, it permits the medical practitioners in making scientific, logical and valid decisions in regard of the care implementation and planning of the intervention. In any clinical situation, where patients presents their medical complications, the initial sequence of actions by the healthcare specialized requires logical clinical making decision. Consequently, the significance of the clinical making decisions are dominant when it arises to the healthcare industries(Stevenson, et al., 2012). Even though, it requires to be considered that this kind of particular actions are complicated and any single mistake while making critical clinical decision mat cost the patients even their lifes(Stevenson, et al., 2012). Henceforth, decision making in clinics may be reflected as the foundations based on which the treatments recovery and delivery of patients will be carried on. Conversely, typical misconceptions when clinical making decisions are discussed, are that it depend on the self-control of the healthcare professional, like the doctors, nurses or so on(Park Yabuuchi, 2016). Nevertheless, the clinical decision-making are parts of health care that are most influenced sectors, in both by external and internal factors. The literature review focusses on the cost in decision making. Introduction to nonclinical influences. Even though clinical decisions making, most of them are based on formally or traditionally clinical criteria for making clinical decision, they are furthermore affected by a broad range of nonclinical aspects, such as, the socio-economic conditions of the patient. Some effects cannot be distinguished whether it fall in nonclinical or clinical factors, for instance, adherence of the patient. Adherence of the patient may fall in clinical factor, but then, if associated with, such as, regular absenteeism from the follow-up appointment, it is then taken as nonclinical influence. Patient age could be considered to be a clinical rather than nonclinical influence because it is associated with physical ability and other co-morbidities. Likewise, the age of the patients may be a nonclinical effect because of the associated nonclinical features, such as transportations problem in the ageing, making follow-up appointment much problematic(Hajjaj, et al., 2015). Consequently, sometimes it is impossible to classify every effects on clinical decisions into either nonclinical or clinical, since there exists an overlap in the two. Artificial descriptors of nonclinical influences on clinical making decision can be used so as to focus thoughtful on a broad aspects of clinical medicines. The following are some nonclinical effects on clinical making decisions: Factors related to patient. These factors involves: concerns and worries of the patient, attitude and behavior of the patient, wishes and preferences of the patient, gender and age of the patient, and other individual characteristics. Race of the patient, patient's socioeconomic status and also adherence to treatment or inappropriate behavior of the patient that may influence adherence such as chaotic life style. Physician-related factors These may involve; physician's professional interaction like interaction of staffs and colleagues within clinics, time constraint and work overload of physician in the clinic, personal characteristics of physician like race, faith, culture, age and gender. Practice-related factors These type of practices such as public or private, practices size, practice organizations, geographical locations, and accessibility of health resources Literature review. The main purposes of the literature reviews are to help in understanding what other researchers and writers have documented about the importance of the economic and social cost in medical decision making from non-medical managers. Int this part few factors mentioned above are examined. Factors related to the patient The socioeconomic status of the patient The socio-economic status of the patient affects way the decisions are made in the managements. In many countries, being alert of the socioeconomic status of the patients, let say the patient have a low socio-economic may influence primary care physician to change his/her managements plans to outfit the patient with financial difficulties(Bernheim, et al., 2008). The influences of socio-economic status can lead to non-standard treatments or the patient may receive less than ideal. The ability of the patient to pay and the cost of care influences the therapeutic plan of the physician. Patients having a socio-economic status having the ability to carter the cost of health facilities are possibly able to have more medical tests as compared to patient with a low socio-economic status(Scott, et al., 2016). Physician may change his/her prescription strategies, shifts to an inexpensive drugs within therapeutic classes or they tend to shift to an alternative drug which is insured(Huttin Andral, 2010)(Hajjaj, et al., 2015). Even amid patients who are insured there may exists some with insurances plan which may give a coverage which is limited(Huttin Andral, 2010)(Shi, 2013). This socio-economic status disparities may decrease the qualities of patients care and result in unwanted consequences. The age of the patient. The age of the patients can affect cost of clinical management decisions. Physician is probably in categorizing the grievances of aged persons as ordinary or age related instead of the signs of diseases(Haug Ory, 2007). A cross-sectional study(Little, et al., 2005) of two universal practices found that aged persons are not as much of younger persons to be offered health promotions advices. The gender of the patient The gender of the patient plays an deceptively inappropriate roles in clinical making decisions. For instance, women receives more physical examination test, drug prescription, blood pressure check, laboratory test and return appointments as compared to men. Women similarly have more physicians visits per a given period of time and more services per visit(Verbruggei, et al., 2011). Physician typically perceives that the complaints of women are more possible to be affected by emotional factors and furthermore, women makes extreme demands on the time of the physician(Hajjaj, et al., 2015). The adherence to treatment of the patient The views of the adherence to medications to the patient by the physician is other essential factors which might influence management making decisions(Piette, et al., 2014). Physician might be more unlikely to treat patient who he or she suspects would abandon to treatments(Bogart, et al., 2016). The attitude and behavior of the patient Occasionally physicians may encounter patients who are rude, aggressive, demanding, violent or patient seeking secondary gain. These kind of patients visits their doctors or nurses more often than normal, receives extra prescription, having extra tests prepared, and they are referred to specialists more frequently(D Tabenkin, 2011). Other patient-related influences Management policies There are some weight put on insurance companies, hospitals, physicians and employers in considering cost when do provide care to patients. Here, there exist risks that the pressure might results to decrease in the general value of healthcare. For instance, resources constraint in ICU (Intensive Care Units) may lead in early release of patient and these may be related to an improved mortality rates(Murray, 2010). The decision making of the manager may differ from one person to another or from healthcare to another to another due to variances in treatment policies and healthcare systems(Hajjaj, et al., 2015). Physician personal characteristics The physicians decision making processes may be affected by his or her own personal characteristic. For instance, the characteristics of the doctors or nurses determines, as a minimum in parts, their approaches to patients managements. Physician can be categorized(Eisenberg, 2000) as either oriented towards health maintenances or interventionists. Health maintenance physician is patient-oriented, while Interventionist physicians are disease-oriented. In general, the health maintenance-oriented physicians are prepared in observing the situations, but, the interventionist is inclined toward immediate actions(Hajjaj, et al., 2015). The ethnicity, age and gender of the physician plays a role in decision-making Research Question, Aim/Objectives and Sub-goals Research Objective: Statistical analysis based on different hospitals data base to find out the economic and social cost in medical decision making from non-medical managers mainly those relate to patients characteristics. Research Question: What are some nonmedical Characteristics of the patient that contributes to collective medical decision making? Theoretical Content/Methodology Method Here, the observations was taken in French cancer centers in medical decision making at which nonstandard gears involves some improbability were debated on May to July 2014(Thmis, et al., 2016). Verbal statements of the physicians and predefined background parameters was collected with a nonparticipants observational approaches. Nonnumeric information collected in the forms of open notes was then coded for quantitative analysis. Multivariate and univariate statistical analyses was performed. Hypothesis: Contribution to the knowledge gap in healthcare management to highlight the loop holes of administration by non-medical managers. - Analysis of data through various aspects to improve the administration role in healthcare management by discussing decision making techniques. Results, Outcome and Relevance The final samples of records of the patient included and discussed where n=290, nonmedical characteristics was stated as n=95, that is 32.8 percent of the eccentrics. There were n=66 (that is 22.8 percent) of these cases characteristics resembled to demographics. Psychological information in 11.7 percent (that is n = 34), and relational information in 6.2 percent (that is n = 18). The patients age and his/her congeniality was found to be more frequently stated characteristic. In 17.9 percent of these eccentrics debated, the concluding decision was delayed: the outcomes were completely related with the nonmedical characteristics of the patient and with indecision about the outcomes of the therapeutic options available. Amongst completed case-records planned for debate at the medical decision making process meetings, two hundred and ninety patients cases was involved in the analysis. The cases was excluded were two hundred and forty two cases that did not meet the included criteria either due no argument was needed about the medical managements or is due to removal of the agenda of the medical decision making process. The issues to be discussed at future session can be included since main medical data was absent or a better method to collect the data was not used. The mean age of the patients used was 61.1 having a standard deviation of 14.3. The gender of the patient used were: male were 118 representing 41.8 percent while female were 164 representing 58.2 percent. Project Planning and Gantt chart. Gantt charts arranges different activities or events in synchronism and associates respectively tasks with its precedency and time. It displays activities or events as timed bars and graphically visualize the sequences of those activities/events(Bryan, 2016). TIME Activities Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Research Design Layout Develop Finish Conclusion The deficiency of sympathetic of nonclinical affects by the physicians while assembling management decisions might possibly results into suboptimal individuals patients care. Nonetheless physician can try acting in a evidence based, rational and professional manners, they furthermore, must take into consideration in the unique circumstance of individuals patient in his or her clinical practices and respects the value of the patients and beliefs. Treatments policy promotes managements of all patients similarly deprived of differentiating between them since of religion or race, sexual orientation, age and gender for ensuring provision of the highest qualifies healthcare to any patient. From the literature review, it indicate that one of the highest challenge clinical medicine encountered in the current centuries are developments of strategic that can integrate and acknowledge significant nonclinical effects with evidence-based medicines deprived of affecting the standards of complete healthcares(Hajjaj, et al., 2015). Physician cannot be able to practice true evidence-based medicine unless nonclinical effects on decision making are understood, documented and cooperatively taken into account during the process of cost of clinical decision making.. References Bernheim, S., Ross, J., Krumholz, H. E.H., B., 2008. Influence of patients' socioeconomic status on clinical management decisions: a qualitative study.. Ann Fam Med, 6(1), pp. 53-59. Bogart, L., Kelly, J., Catz, S. Sosman, J., 2016. Impact of medical and non-medical factors on physician decision making for HIV/AIDS antiretroviral treatment. J Acqui Immune Defic Syndr, Issue 23, pp. 396-397. Bryan, J. W., 2016. A PROJECT PLANNING GUIDE FOR HEALTHCARE FACILITY, s.l.: Walrath. D, S. Tabenkin, H., 2011. The difficult patient as perceived by family physicians.. Fam Pract, Issue 18, p. 497. Eisenberg, J., 2000. Sociologic influences on decision making by clinicians. Ann Intern Med, Issue 90, p. 960. Hajjaj, F., M.S., S., Basra1, M. Finlay, A., 2015. Non-clinical influences on clinical decision-making: a major challenge to evidence-based practice. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 103(5), pp. 178-187. Hardy, D. Smith, B., 2009. Decision making in clinical practice. Br J Anaesth, Issue 9, pp. 28-30. Haug, M. Ory, M., 2007. Issues in elderly patient-provider interactions. Res Aging, Issue 9, pp. 11-15. Huttin, C. Andral, J., 2010. How the reimbursement system may influence physicians' decisions. Results from focus groups interview in France. Health Policy, Issue 54, pp. 67-80. Little, P., Slocock, L., Griffin, S. Phillinger, J., 2005. Who is targeted for lifestyle advice? A cross sectional study in two general practices.. Br J Gen Pract , Issue 49, pp. 809-810. Murray, S., 2010. Relation between private health insurance and high rates of caesarean section. qualitative and quantitative study, pp. 1503-1504. Park, I. Yabuuchi, A., 2016. More options, more considerations: how new treatment options influence clinical decision making.. Journal of thoracic disease, 8(10), p. p.E1408. Piette, J. P., Wagnes, T., Potter, M. Schillinger, D., 2014. Health insurance status, cost-related medication under use and outcomes among diabetes patients in three systems of care. Med Care, Volume 9, p. 103. Scott, A., Shiell, A. King, M., 2016. Is general practitioner decision making associated with patient socio-economic status?. Soc Sci Med, pp. 35-46. Shi, L., 2013. Types of health insurance and the quality of primary care experience.. Am J Public Health, p. 18481855. Stevenson, L. et al., 2012. Decision making in advanced heart failure. Circulation, 125(15), pp. 1928-1937. Stough, C. et al., 2016. ignette methodologies for studying clinicians decision-making: validity, utility, and application in ICD-11 field studies.. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 15(2), pp. 162-180. Thmis, A., Anne-Dborah, B., Sylvain, G. Aurran, T., 2016. Patients Non-Medical Characteristics Contribute to Collective Medical Decision-Making at Multidisciplinary Oncological Team Meetings. Research Article, p. 15. Verbruggei, L., Steiner, R. ., 2011. Physician treatment of men and women patients: sex bias or appropriate care?. med care, pp. 610-620.